Automasking Guide CASA 5
Introduction
Starting with CASA 5.1, a new algorithm has been incorporated into tclean to automatically mask regions during the cleaning process. Referred to as ‘auto-multithresh’, this algorithm is intended to mimic what an experienced user would do when manually masking images. It can be used by setting the usemask option in tclean to ’auto-multithresh’.
A full description of the auto-multithresh algorithm is given in the CASA documentation and Kepley et al. 2020. Here we briefly describe the fundamental features of the algorithm. First, the algorithm identifies regions that are either above a signal-to-noise limit or a sidelobe level (as defined by the user), whichever is higher. If the mask regions are smaller than some fraction of the beam, they are removed (“pruned”) to avoid including spurious noise peaks in the masked region. If there is extended low signal to noise emission surrounding the initial mask then this emission is included in the mask by expanding the noise/sidelobe mask into the low signal-to-noise regions using a process called binary dilation. Finally, the mask is expanded to include a buffer region around the masked emission by convolving the mask by a Gaussian and then retaining only regions that are above n% of the peak in the smoothed mask. Absorption regions can also be masked using a method similar to that for the initial threshold mask, but are not pruned or extended into low signal-to noise regions. Note that for cubes, the algorithm masks each channel independently. The algorithm operates on the residual image at the beginning of every minor cycle, so that the mask updates as the clean progresses.
As of CASA 5.6, auto-multithresh now functions with polarization data. It applies the same algorithms to the Stokes QUV images as used for the Stokes I image. This means that the full masking process is applied to the positive emission (including the prune and grow steps), but that the masking of the negative emission only includes the initial threshold mask (no prune or grow).
Parameters
The parameters for the auto-multithresh algorithm are defined in terms of fundamental image properties (e.g., fraction of beam, signal-to-noise, etc) rather than exact numerical values (e.g., 3”, 6 mJy/beam). This feature allows the same set of parameters to be used for multiple images. The auto-multithresh algorithm calculates the numerical value of each parameter internally by estimating the noise in the residual image (currently done using the median absolute deviation) and the beam size and sidelobe level calculated by tclean internally. The numerical values are recalculated at the beginning of every minor cycle and may change as the clean progresses.
There are five primary auto-multithresh parameters that control what thresholds the algorithm uses and how regions are removed from the mask via pruning.
- Noisethreshold (type: double) -- sets the signal-to-noise threshold above which significant emission is masked during the initial round of mask creation. Note that either noisethreshold or sidelobethreshold is used depending on which threshold is higher.
- Sidelobethreshold (type: double) -- sets a threshold based on the sidelobe level above which significant emission is masked during the initial round of mask creation. Note that either noisethreshold or sidelobethreshold is used depending on which threshold is higher.
- Minbeamfrac (type: double) -- sets the minimum size a region must be to be retained in the mask. The parameter is specified as a fractional beam size. Any masks smaller than this will be removed (or pruned) from the mask. Note that this parameter is used to control the pruning for both the initial threshold mask and the low signal-to-noise mask.
- Lownoisethreshold (type: double) -- sets the threshold into which the initial mask (which is determined by either noisethreshold or sidelobethreshold) is expanded in order to include low signal-to-noise regions in the mask.
- Negativethreshold (type: double) -- sets the signal-to-noise threshold for absorption features to be masked. Note that any absorption features that are masked are not pruned or expanded into low signal-to-noise regions. This parameter should have a positive value, i.e., negativethreshold=5.0 will create a mask for values less than -5.0 sigma.
Auto-multithresh has several additional parameters that usually do not need to be changed from their default values:
- Growiterations (type: int) -- controls the maximum number of iterations that binary dilation performs. The binary dilation may halt earlier than the maximum number of iterations if there is no change in the mask. Lowering this value can reduce the computational time needed to expand the mask into low signal-to-noise regions at the expense of potentially not expanding the mask all the way to its edges. A value between 75 and 100 is usually adequate.
- Dogrowprune (type: bool) -- allows you to turn off the pruning of the low signal-to-noise mask, which speeds up masking for images and cubes with complex low signal-to-noise emission.
- Minpercentchange (type: double) -- allows you to stop masking when the mask changes by less than n% and the cyclethreshold is equal to the threshold for the previous cycle. This should be used with care and is turned off (minpercentchange=-1) by default.
- Smoothfactor (type: double) -- controls how much to smooth the initial mask. We do not recommend changing this from its default value.
- Cutthreshold (type: double) -- controls what regions of the smoothed mask are retained to form the final mask. We do not recommend changing this from its default value.
- Verbose (type: bool) -- turns on/off per-channel logging information on the masks (default = False)
- fastnoise (type: bool) -- If True, estimate the noise using the median absolute deviation. If False, estimate the noise using the chauvenet (no mask) or the median absolute deviations of pixels outside the mask but inside the primary beam mask (mask). The latter estimation may be more accurate when emission covers a significant portion of the field of view (default=True).
The default automasking parameters in tclean have been set to values appropriate for the ALMA 12m array in its more compact configurations (i.e. not long baseline data). These values depend on the PSF (i.e., uv-coverage) of the data. Data with PSFs significantly different than the fiducial ALMA 12m arrays (e.g. 7m data) will likely need the auto-multithresh parameters to be modified in order to achieve the best mask. The default pipeline parameters presented here (Table below) have been extensively tested and most likely will work for your data set, although you may wish to optimize them for your particular imaging case. Data from other instruments (e.g., VLA, ATCA, etc) has been shown to work with this algorithm in limited testing, but the parameter values may need to be optimized.
Table of Standard Values
The values presented in this table are the standard values that the pipeline uses when it performs automasking and have been extensively tested. The values listed for combined data in the last row are tentative and should serve as a starting point for your analysis.
| Array | sidelobethreshold | noisethreshold | minbeamfrac | lownoisethreshold | negativethreshold |
| 12m (short) b75<300m | 2.0 | 4.25 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.0 (continuum)/15.0 (line) |
| 12m (long) b75>300m | 3.0 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.0 (continuum)/7.0 (line) |
| 7m (continnum/line) | 1.25 | 5.0 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 0.0 |
| 12m + 7m combined TENTATIVE | 2.0 | 4.25 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
The term “b75” refers to the 75th percentile of baselines. You can find this value in the weblog by going to the antenna configuration page and clicking on the “baselines” tab, the table lists the baseline length in increasing distance and the percentile. If you don’t have a weblog for your data, you may use the Analysis Utilities task au.getBaselineStats. You can obtain the Analysis Utilities tasks by following these instructions: https://casaguides.nrao.edu/index.php/Analysis_Utilities
The 75% baseline split is only valid for ALMA data. For data from other telescopes, evaluate the uv-coverage of the observation. If the uv-coverage of a data set is good, then the PSF will have relatively low sidelobes and the default 12m parameters are likely a good start. We have had success in limited testing using the short baseline ALMA parameters for non-snapshot VLA observations. If the uv-coverage of a data set is poor, then the PSF will have higher sidelobes and the 7m array parameters are probably a better start. An example of this case would be snapshot VLA observations or ATCA observations.
Guidelines for optimizing auto-multithresh parameters
- Start with the pipeline parameters for the data with the most similar parameters to your data set. When in doubt, choose the default short baseline 12m parameters.
- For cubes, use a small (~10 channel) cube with representative emission as a test case to avoid long run times.
- Change one parameter at a time and keep track of your previous images so that you can directly compare different runs.
- Inspect the log output. The ‘auto-multithresh’ algorithm reports extensive information to the logger on what it is doing including what thresholds are being used, how many regions are being pruned, etc. If using CASA 5.3+, set verbose=True to get this information.
- Save the masks for each major cycle. To save the intermediate masks, type the following on the casa command line: os.environ['SAVE_ALL_AUTOMASKS']="true". (Note that this feature does not work when tclean is run in parallel on cubes.) Note that you can also inspect the intermediate masks by setting interactive=True. However, the resulting masks will NOT necessarily be the same as masks generated with interactive=False because how often the minor cycle is triggered can be different in the two cases. Set cycleniter=niter in tclean to get identical behavior.
Exploring the auto-multithresh parameters
This section should serve as a guide to help you gain a more intuitive understanding of how the automasking algorithm works and understand better what each parameter does during the automasking process. Additionally, we will show you what can happen when you set a parameter to a non-optimal value and end up masking noise features or not masking real emission.
To demonstrate the use of the automasking parameters, we will be using the TW Hydra dataset which is a small dataset from the “First Look” CASA Guides and is available here: https://bulk.cv.nrao.edu/almadata/sciver/TWHya/sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub.tgz
This file is the calibrated, continuum subtracted Band 7 data. Untar the file and you should see a file named sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub. Almost all of the values used in our tclean commands remain constant throughout this section and are explained and taken from the First Look at Spectral Line Imaging CASA Guide. The main difference is that we are using the usemask=’auto-multithresh’ parameter to use the automasking feature and will be adjusting the auto-masking subparameters to highlight their use.
Make a Dirty Cube
First we make a dirty cube to figure out the value for threshold and get an idea of what the emission/noise looks like. It's always a good idea to perform a listobs first to get the basic information of the dataset.
#In CASA
listobs('sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub')
Observer: cqi Project: uid://A002/X327408/X6f
Observation: ALMA
Data records: 53161 Total elapsed time = 4268.11 seconds
Observed from 19-Nov-2012/07:56:23.5 to 19-Nov-2012/09:07:31.6 (UTC)
ObservationID = 0 ArrayID = 0
Date Timerange (UTC) Scan FldId FieldName nRows SpwIds Average Interval(s) ScanIntent
19-Nov-2012/07:56:23.5 - 08:02:11.3 12 0 TW Hya 8514 [0] [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
08:08:09.6 - 08:13:57.3 16 0 TW Hya 10360 [0] [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
08:19:53.9 - 08:25:41.7 20 0 TW Hya 10321 [0] [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
08:32:00.5 - 08:37:48.2 24 0 TW Hya 10324 [0] [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
08:43:45.6 - 08:49:33.4 28 0 TW Hya 9462 [0] [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
09:05:15.6 - 09:07:31.6 36 0 TW Hya 4180 [0] [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
(nRows = Total number of rows per scan)
Fields: 1
ID Code Name RA Decl Epoch SrcId nRows
0 none TW Hya 11:01:51.796000 -34.42.17.36600 J2000 0 53161
Spectral Windows: (1 unique spectral windows and 1 unique polarization setups)
SpwID Name #Chans Frame Ch0(MHz) ChanWid(kHz) TotBW(kHz) CtrFreq(MHz) BBC Num Corrs
0 ALMA_RB_07#BB_2#SW-01#FULL_RES 384 TOPO 372533.086 610.352 234375.0 372649.9688 2 XX YY
With the information above and from what we know of TW Hydra from the First Look at Spectral Line Imaging CASA Guide, we get the basic information for our tclean call to create the dirty cube.
#In CASA
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_dirtycube',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=0,
threshold='0.0Jy')
In the following tutorial, we will run tclean non-interactively, and thus need to set a *clean* threshold to avoid over-cleaning emission. The clean threshold parameter is not related to the auto-multithresh parameters. Using the viewer and selecting a region in a line free channel (e.g., channel 3) we find that the RMS in a line free channel is 1.78e-2 Jy/beam. To set our threshold for cleaning, we set it to twice the RMS so threshold= 2*RMS = 0.0374 Jy. (The "/beam" is implied here.)
You do not need to set a clean threshold for auto-masking to work. The auto-multithresh algorithm works in both interactive and non-interactive mode. You can even modify the masks that auto-multithresh produces in interactive mode. However, the masks produced interactively may differ from the masks produced in non-interactive mode because of differences in how often major cycles are triggered. To get identical behavior, set cycleniter=niter in tclean.
Base Parameters
To figure out what automasking parameter values we should use for this data, we run au.getBaselineStats which will tell us the "b75" value for our data and, thus, whether our data is "long" or "short" baseline.
#In CASA
au.getBaselineStats('sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub')
Found 325 baselines (26 stations) Unprojected lengths: min=15.063874, max=374.719747, rms=162.602204 m number=325, min=15.06m, max=374.72m, median=139.34m, mean=142.78m, std=77.81m 20%ile=69.4m 25%ile=79.0m, 30%ile=87.6m, 75%ile=197.4m, 90%ile=250.2m
From the output above (which was printed to the terminal window), we see that b75 (indicated as 75%ile in the log output) is 197.4m, which puts us solidly in the "short" baseline category. Therefore, here we use the “standard”, base automasking values that the pipeline uses for 12m short baseline data from the table above. This will give us a mask to compare our testing against and will be displayed as black contours in all of the following figures.
#In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_base_params.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_base_params',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
# Automasking Parameters below this line
usemask='auto-multithresh',
sidelobethreshold=2.0,
noisethreshold=4.25,
lownoisethreshold=1.5,
minbeamfrac=0.3,
growiterations=75,
negativethreshold=15.0,
verbose=True)
With verbose=True set, automasking via auto-multithresh reports its progress per-channel in the logger window. Below is the logger output for the first major clean cycle using the base parameters above. The minimum mask size and sidelobeLevel are calculated in order to define different thresholds based on the user input. Masking is then performed and then pruned, only "error" messages are reported per channel (i.e. no regions removed or no regions found). The mask is then smoothed and then in later cycles grown into lower signal-to-noise regions and pruned again. Finally, negative emission is masked if present. After this, automasking evaluates whether or not to continue to try masking each channel. If no masks were found in a channel or all masks were removed through the pruning process, the channel is no longer considered in future clean cycles. After this, a summary of the automasking process is given in the "Automask summary" table. Here, you can see the threshold that was used to create the mask (either "noise" or "sidelobe"), the number of regions found, number of regions pruned, etc. Finally, cleaning is performed on the masked image and the progress (peak residual, number of iterations, etc.) is reported per channel.
----------------------------------------------------------- Run Major Cycle 1 ------------------------------------- [twhya_base_params] Peak residual (max,min) over full image : (0.149898,-0.081815) [twhya_base_params] Total Model Flux : 0 [twhya_base_params] Setting up an auto-mask Generating AutoMask SidelobeLevel = 0.219791 prune size=13.535(minbeamfrac=0.3 * beampix=45.1166) Start thresholding: create an initial mask by threshold End thresholding: time to create the initial threshold mask: real 0.37s ( user 0.02s, system 0.02s) Start pruning: the initial threshold mask [C0] No regions are found in this plane. [C1] No regions are found in this plane. [C2] No regions are found in this plane. [C3] No regions are found in this plane. [C7] No regions are removed in pruning process. [C8] No regions are found in this plane. [C9] No regions are found in this plane. [C10] No regions are found in this plane. [C11] No regions are found in this plane. [C12] No regions are found in this plane. [C14] No regions are found in this plane. End pruning: time to prune the initial threshold mask: real 0.24s (user 0.05s, system 0.02s) Start smoothing: the initial threshold mask End smoothing: time to create the smoothed initial threshold mask: real 2.25s (user 2.92s, system 1.39s) Start thresholding: create a negative mask No negative region was found by auotmask. End thresholding: time to create the negative mask: real 1.19s (user 0.54s, system 0.26s) Stopping masking for chan=0 Stopping masking for chan=1 Stopping masking for chan=2 Stopping masking for chan=3 Stopping masking for chan=4 Stopping masking for chan=8 Stopping masking for chan=9 Stopping masking for chan=10 Stopping masking for chan=11 Stopping masking for chan=12 Stopping masking for chan=13 Stopping masking for chan=14 ========== automask summary ========== chan masking? median RMS peak thresh_type thresh_value N_reg N_pruned N_grow N_grow_pruned N_neg_pix [C0] F 5.1095e-05 0.0195051 -0.081815 noise 0.0828968 0 0 -- -- 0 [C1] F -6.20534e-05 0.0185451 -0.0749006 noise 0.0788167 0 0 -- -- 0 [C2] F -2.53807e-06 0.0193195 0.0714881 noise 0.0821077 0 0 -- -- 0 [C3] F 7.66067e-05 0.0185695 -0.0724906 noise 0.0789204 0 0 -- -- 0 [C4] F -0.000102242 0.0192787 0.0862985 noise 0.0819347 2 2 -- -- 0 [C5] T -0.000765545 0.0224421 0.133081 noise 0.0953791 2 1 -- -- 0 [C6] T -0.00150215 0.0256315 0.149898 noise 0.108934 2 1 -- -- 0 [C7] T -0.000590894 0.0212334 0.116813 noise 0.0902421 1 0 -- -- 0 [C8] F 1.70437e-05 0.0176792 -0.0750749 noise 0.0751365 0 0 -- -- 0 [C9] F 0.000338539 0.0175967 0.0657392 noise 0.0747862 0 0 -- -- 0 [C10] F -3.07989e-05 0.0178246 -0.0780685 noise 0.0757547 0 0 -- -- 0 [C11] F -0.000249928 0.0176007 -0.0744855 noise 0.074803 0 0 -- -- 0 [C12] F 0.000142292 0.0176476 -0.0685521 noise 0.0750021 0 0 -- -- 0 [C13] F -0.000252258 0.0178448 0.0768286 noise 0.0758403 1 1 -- -- 0 [C14] F 0.000200417 0.0171804 0.0673071 noise 0.0730168 0 0 -- -- 0 ========== END of automask summary ========== ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [twhya_base_params] Number of pixels in the clean mask : 1209 out of a total of 937500 pixels. [ 0.12896 % ] [twhya_base_params] Peak residual (max,min) within mask : (0.149898,-0.0296383) over full image : (0.149898,-0.081815) [twhya_base_params] Total Model Flux : 0 ---------------------------------------------------- Run Minor Cycle Iterations --------------------------------------------- [twhya_base_params] Run Hogbom minor-cycle on 15 chans | CycleThreshold=0.0356, CycleNiter=100000, Gain=0.1 [twhya_base_params:C0] iters=0->0 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.081815->0.081815, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C1] iters=0->0 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0749006->0.0749006, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C2] iters=0->0 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0714881->0.0714881, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C3] iters=0->0 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0724906->0.0724906, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C4] iters=0->0 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0862985->0.0862985, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C5] iters=0->85 [85], model=0->0.513613, peakres=0.133081->0.0350699, Reached cyclethreshold. [twhya_base_params:C6] iters=85->177 [92], model=0->0.564421, peakres=0.149898->0.0355323, Reached cyclethreshold. [twhya_base_params:C7] iters=177->256 [79], model=0->0.450467, peakres=0.116813->0.0349898, Reached cyclethreshold. [twhya_base_params:C8] iters=256->256 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0750749->0.0750749, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C9] iters=256->256 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0657392->0.0657392, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C10] iters=256->256 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0780685->0.0780685, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C11] iters=256->256 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0744855->0.0744855, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C12] iters=256->256 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0685521->0.0685521, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C13] iters=256->256 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0768286->0.0768286, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params:C14] iters=256->256 [0], model=0->0, peakres=0.0673071->0.0673071, Skipped this plane. Zero mask. [twhya_base_params] Total model flux (over all planes) : 1.5285 Peak Residual (over all planes) : 0.0862985 in C4:P0 Completed 256 iterations.
Initial mask threshold calculation (sidelobethreshold and noisethreshold parameters)
The initial mask threshold is calculated by the following method:
sidelobeThresholdValue = sidelobeThreshold * sidelobeLevel * peak in residual image
noiseThresholdValue = noiseThreshold * rms in residual image
where the sidelobeLevel is calculated by tclean and reported in the logger (you can see this in the example logger output below). The rms in the residual image is calculated using the median absolute deviation in CASA 5.1, which can yield poor estimates in the case where emission covers a large fraction of the field. The noise calculation will been improved in a future version of CASA.
The initial threshold is max(sidelobeThresholdValue,noiseThresholdValue).
In practice, the sidlobethreshold often sets the limit in the first few major cycle because the sidelobe emission is often larger than the random noise in the image. Once the strongest emission has been removed from the residual image, later cycles tend to use the noisethreshold.
Turning Down noisethreshold
First we start by turning down the value for noisethreshold to something like 1.5.
#In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_lownoise_params.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_lownoise_params',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
usemask='auto-multithresh',
sidelobethreshold=2.0,
noisethreshold=1.5,
lownoisethreshold=1.5,
minbeamfrac=0.3,
growiterations=75,
negativethreshold=15.0,
verbose=True)
By reducing noisethreshold, auto-multithresh is now using sidelobetheshold instead to draw the initial masks. You can see this in the logger while the automasking is working, tclean reports which threshold is being used to find maskable emission in the image in the "automask summary" in the "thresh_type" column.
----------------------------------------------------------- Run Major Cycle 1 ------------------------------------- [twhya_lownoise_params] Peak residual (max,min) over full image : (0.149898,-0.081815) [twhya_lownoise_params] Total Model Flux : 0 [twhya_lownoise_params] Setting up an auto-mask Generating AutoMask SidelobeLevel = 0.219791 prune size=13.535(minbeamfrac=0.3 * beampix=45.1166) Start thresholding: create an initial mask by threshold End thresholding: time to create the initial threshold mask: real 0.22s ( user 0.03s, system 0.01s) Start pruning: the initial threshold mask End pruning: time to prune the initial threshold mask: real 2.27s (user 0.96s, system 0.04s) Start smoothing: the initial threshold mask End smoothing: time to create the smoothed initial threshold mask: real 5.69s (user 10.47s, system 6.63s) Start thresholding: create a negative mask No negative region was found by auotmask. End thresholding: time to create the negative mask: real 1.23s (user 1.15s, system 0.18s) ========== automask summary ========== chan masking? median RMS peak thresh_type thresh_value N_reg N_pruned N_grow N_grow_pruned N_neg_pix [C0] T 5.1095e-05 0.0195051 -0.081815 sidelobe 0.030867 271 168 -- -- 0 [C1] T -6.20534e-05 0.0185451 -0.0749006 sidelobe 0.0304619 254 153 -- -- 0 [C2] T -2.53807e-06 0.0193195 0.0714881 sidelobe 0.0314249 261 170 -- -- 0 [C3] T 7.66067e-05 0.0185695 -0.0724906 sidelobe 0.0306932 267 171 -- -- 0 [C4] T -0.000102242 0.0192787 0.0862985 sidelobe 0.0379353 172 136 -- -- 0 [C5] T -0.000765545 0.0224421 0.133081 sidelobe 0.0585003 28 25 -- -- 0 [C6] T -0.00150215 0.0256315 0.149898 sidelobe 0.0658923 27 19 -- -- 0 [C7] T -0.000590894 0.0212334 0.116813 sidelobe 0.0513489 44 37 -- -- 0 [C8] T 1.70437e-05 0.0176792 -0.0750749 sidelobe 0.0326501 204 151 -- -- 0 [C9] T 0.000338539 0.0175967 0.0657392 sidelobe 0.0288978 266 177 -- -- 0 [C10] T -3.07989e-05 0.0178246 -0.0780685 sidelobe 0.0288354 278 186 -- -- 0 [C11] T -0.000249928 0.0176007 -0.0744855 sidelobe 0.0281572 281 184 -- -- 0 [C12] T 0.000142292 0.0176476 -0.0685521 sidelobe 0.029941 225 155 -- -- 0 [C13] T -0.000252258 0.0178448 0.0768286 sidelobe 0.0337725 184 146 -- -- 0 [C14] T 0.000200417 0.0171804 0.0673071 sidelobe 0.029587 250 182 -- -- 0 ========== END of automask summary ==========
In later clean cycles, we can see that some channels switch to using the noisethreshold. The threshold used by auto-multithresh are independent for each channel and can change between major cycles as clean progresses. In Figure 2, we see that fainter emission gets picked up by automasking when we reduce the noisethreshold value (as expected), but that noise spikes are clearly being picked up in both line and line-free channels. We can also see this clearly in the log as the number of masks created and reported in the automask summary is much, much higher than in the base parameters log output.
Turning Down sidelobethreshold
Now we turn sidelobethreshold down to see what impact this has on the masks that are created. Note that because of how masks are drawn during each step of the automasking process, we need to also turn down either noisethreshold or lownoisethreshold to guarantee that the sidelobethreshold is used by the algorithm during either the initial step or the secondary growing of the masks step.
#In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_lowsidelobe_params.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_lowsidelobe_params',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
usemask='auto-multithresh',
sidelobethreshold=1.0,
noisethreshold=4.25,
lownoisethreshold=0.5,
minbeamfrac=0.3,
growiterations=75,
negativethreshold=15.0)
In Figure 3 we see that turning down sidelobethreshold makes a mask that covers a much larger region and clearly covers areas of the image that do not contain real emission.
The Effects of Pruning
Pruning is used to remove small noise-like regions from the resulting mask. Note that regions are pruned before been convolved with a Gaussian to create a buffer around the mask.
Turning off pruning
Now we use the base parameters but turn off pruning by setting minbeamfrac to 0.0 so that no regions are removed from the mask.
#In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_lownoise_noprune_params.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_lownoise_noprune_params',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
usemask='auto-multithresh',
sidelobethreshold=2.0,
noisethreshold=4.25,
lownoisethreshold=1.5,
minbeamfrac=0.0,
growiterations=75,
negativethreshold=15.0)
In Figure 4 we show a line free channel. We see that using the base parameters, no masks were created but with no pruning, noise spikes are picked up, kept, and then cleaned by the algorithm.
Increasing the Pruning
Next, we set minbeamfrac to 2.0 and leave the rest of parameters at their base values, so that all masks smaller than twice the beam will get pruned.
#In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_highminbeamfrac_params.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_highminbeamfrac_params',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
usemask='auto-multithresh',
sidelobethreshold=2.0,
noisethreshold=4.25,
lownoisethreshold=1.5,
minbeamfrac=2.0,
growiterations=75,
negativethreshold=15.0)
Masks were found but then immediately removed, thus the resulting mask is empty. This can be seen by looking at the log tclean messages.
CASA$ WARN 5 of 15 channels had all regions removed by pruning. Try decreasing minbeamfrac to remove fewer regions. CASA$ WARN Restoring with an empty model image. Only residuals will be processed to form the output restored image.
In this case, no cleaning is done, a dirty cube is generated, and tclean is exited.
Note that pruning does not calculate whether the emission within a region is significant, so you can inadvertently prune point sources with high signal-to-noise emission (e.g., calibrators). In this case, reduce the minbeamfrac.
Growing the mask into low signal-to-noise regions
The lownoisethreshold parameter is used to define a low signal-to-noise mask. The mask from the previous cycle is then grown into the region defined by the low signal-to-noise mask via binary dilation. To protect against masking sidelobes with the low signal-to-noise mask, the threshold for this mask is determined using the following heuristic
lowNoiseThresholdValue = lowNoiseThreshold * rms in residual image
max(sidelobeThresholdValue,lowNoiseThresholdValue).
If the value of the lownoisethreshold is lower than the value of the sidelobethreshold, then the mask will not be expanded into low signal-to-noise regions.
Finally, we lower the lownoisethreshold value to try and grow the mask into regions of lower signal-to-noise during the binary dilation stage.
#In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_lowlownoise_params.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_lowlownoise_params',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
usemask='auto-multithresh',
sidelobethreshold=2.0,
noisethreshold=4.25,
lownoisethreshold=0.5,
minbeamfrac=0.3,
growiterations=75,
negativethreshold=15.0)
This mask is the same as the base mask even if we try to make the lownoisethreshold very, very small (i.e. something like 0.0001). This is due to the fact that if the value of the lownoisethreshold is less than the value of the sidelobethreshold then the sidelobethreshold is used to set mask. This effectively attempts to act as a “fail-safe” to ensure that overmasking does not occur accidentally by setting one of the thresholds very small. For demonstration purposes, we can force it to use a small lownoisethreshold by also setting the sidelobethreshold very small.
os.system('rm -rf twhya_low_lownoise+sidelobe_params.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_low_lownoise+sidelobe_params',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
usemask='auto-multithresh',
sidelobethreshold=0.5,
noisethreshold=4.25,
lownoisethreshold=1.0,
minbeamfrac=0.3,
growiterations=75,
negativethreshold=15.0)
We can see the result of this in Figure 5 which shows a much more extended mask that covers some nearby emission but extends down into lower signal-to-noise regions.
Advanced Use Case - Merging User Masks with Automasking
In some situations, you may find that automasking is not masking obvious emission even after adjusting the thresholds. This most commonly occurs in cases with extremely bright, diffuse emission throughout the entire field of view, where there is low-level absorption that has a similar depth to any negative bowls in the same channel, and cases where the cube has not been continuum subtracted. The first case is due to the difficulty of estimating noise in the presence of wide-spread signal. The last two are cases happen when the astronomer “knows” where the real signal is (likely through some additional information), but where the algorithm does not have enough knowledge to distinguish.
In these cases, it may be helpful to “kick start” automasking by first defining masks by hand for a round of cleaning and then having automasking pick up from there. To do this, we simply use the restart=True option within tclean.
First, we perform a round of cleaning by hand by setting interactive=True so that tclean will let us manually create masks before each minor cycle. As mentioned above in the “Make a Dirty Cube” section, in order to get identical cleaning behavior between interactive and non-interactive modes, you must set cycleniter to be equal to niter. By doing this, you are essentially setting cycleniter to such a large number that the iteration limit will not be reached during the minor cycle, instead tclean will continue with cleaning until the internally computed cyclethreshold or the user specified threshold is hit. One last parameter to set is usemask=’user’ to indicate that you would like to manually mask emission. Below is an example tclean command using the same dataset as above.
os.system('rm -rf twhya_advanced_use.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_advanced_use',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=True,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
cycleniter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
usemask='user’)
As a time saving tip, if you already have a CASA region file (from an earlier clean or one you have created), you can point tclean to it using the mask parameter, mask=’filename.mask’, and tclean will load your masks automatically. This can be useful if you know that some manual cleaning is needed before automasking will start picking up extended emission but several iterations may be needed until you discover that limit. The region file method can also be used non-interactively on it’s own.
Once you are satisfied that you have masked all the obvious emision and cleaned to a level where automasking will start to pick up extended emission, you can exit tclean by pressing the red “X”. After tclean finishes, you can start tclean again but now in non-interactive mode, interactive=False, with automasking enabled, usemask=’auto-multithresh’, using the appropriate automasking thresholds that match your data (see the “Table of Standard Values” above). Finally, we set restart=True which will make tclean pick up where it left off using the existing *.mask file along with the existing model, psf, image, etc.
os.system('rm -rf twhya_advanced_use.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.contsub',
imagename='twhya_advanced_use',
field='0',
spw='0',
specmode='cube',
nchan=15,
start='0.0km/s',
width='0.5km/s',
outframe='LSRK',
restfreq='372.67249GHz',
deconvolver='hogbom',
gridder='standard',
imsize=[250,250],
cell='0.08arcsec',
weighting='briggs',
robust=0.5,
restoringbeam='common',
interactive=False,
chanchunks=-1,
niter=100000,
threshold='0.0374Jy',
usemask='auto-multithresh',
sidelobethreshold=2.0,
noisethreshold=4.25,
lownoisethreshold=1.5,
minbeamfrac=0.3,
growiterations=75,
negativethreshold=15.0,
restart=True)
As a word of caution, automasking will not remove any regions, it will only add to the current mask. Therefore, if you create a fluffy, extended mask by hand and then start automasking, it may not be altered by the algorithm. Therefore, during the manual masking stage, mask conservatively.
