TWHydraBand7 Imaging 4.0: Difference between revisions

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[[Category:ALMA]][[Category:Calibration]][[Category:Spectral Line]]
[[Category:ALMA]][[Category:Imaging]][[Category:Spectral Line]]
*'''This script assumes that you have downloaded TWHYA_BAND7_UnCalibratedMSAndTablesForReduction.tgz from [[TWHydraBand7#Getting_the_Data]]'''


*'''An introduction to this data set is available at [[TWHydraBand7]].
* '''This tutorial picks up where '''[[TWHydraBand7_Calibration_4.0]]''' leaves off, with fully calibrated, split science target MS. If you wish to skip the Calibration guide: obtain the calibrated data from [[TWHydraBand7#Getting_the_Data]]; extract it using <tt>tar -xzvf FILENAME</tt>; and <tt>cd</tt> into the extracted directory.'''


*'''This guide is designed for CASA 3.4 (&ge;r19988).  If you are using an older version of CASA please see [[TWHydraBand7_Calibration_for_CASA_3.3]].
*'''This guide is designed for CASA 4.0.  If you are using an older version of CASA please see [[TWHydraBand7_Imaging_for_CASA_3.3]].


*'''For the streamlined Synthesis Imaging School version, see [[TWHydraBand7_SS12]].
* '''Details of the ALMA data are provided at [[TWHydraBand7]]'''
 
==Preparation==
 
Once you have downloaded TWHYA_BAND7_UnCalibratedMSAndTablesForReduction.tgz, in a terminal unpack it with
 
<source lang="bash">
tar -zxvf TWHYA_BAND7_UnCalibratedMSAndTablesForReduction.tgz
</source>
 
Please be aware that you will need about 100 GB of free space to do the data reduction.  It is a good idea to check that now before you begin.  Some of the plots described here require 9 GB of RAM; as little as 4 GB may be sufficient if additional data averaging is used when the plots are generated.  When you are satisfied with the available drive space and memory on your machine:
 
<source lang="bash">
cd TWHYA_BAND7_UnCalibratedMSAndTablesForReduction
</source>
 
'''NOTE: the calibration tables included TWHYA_BAND7_UnCalibratedMSAndTablesForReduction CANNOT be used with CASA 3.4, they should be discarded, or moved out of the working directory.'''
 
Then start CASA.
 
<source lang="bash">
casapy
</source>


== Confirm your version of CASA==
== Confirm your version of CASA==


This guide has been written for CASA release 3.4.0.  Please confirm your version before proceeding.
This guide has been written for CASA release 4.0.  Please confirm your version before proceeding.
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
version = casalog.version()
version = casadef.casa_version
print "You are using " + version
print "You are using " + version
if (int(version.split()[4][1:-1]) < 19988):
if (version < '4.0.0'):
     print "\033[91m YOUR VERSION OF CASA IS TOO OLD FOR THIS GUIDE."
     print "YOUR VERSION OF CASA IS TOO OLD FOR THIS GUIDE."
     print "\033[91m PLEASE UPDATE IT BEFORE PROCEEDING."
     print "PLEASE UPDATE IT BEFORE PROCEEDING."
else:
else:
     print "Your version of CASA is appropriate for this guide."
     print "Your version of CASA is appropriate for this guide."
</source>
</source>


==Install Analysis Utilities==
== Prepare Continuum Data for Further Processing==


Analysis Utilities (or analysisUtils for short) is a small set of Python scripts that provide a number of analysis and plotting utilities for ALMA data reduction. This guide uses a few of these utilities. They are very easy to install (just download and untar). See
In order to speed up imaging/self-calibration for the continuum data we will average channels together, and then flag the few spectral features. This method works well in the case of only a few spectral lines, while retaining enough channelization to aid in multi-frequency synthesis and being able to remove spectral features in the averaged data. The amount of channel averaging should be adjusted to your particular data. '''Note for wide bandwidth data it is never a good idea to use the continuum estimate generated by uv-continuum subtraction as your continuum data'''. This worked OK in the past with the narrow band systems like the VLA and low dynamic range instruments like the SMA, but is not advised for ALMA wide bandwidth, high dynamic range data.


http://casaguides.nrao.edu/index.php?title=Analysis_Utilities
<figure id="Cont_spw2.png">
[[Image:Cont_spw2.png|thumb|<caption>CO(3-2) in spw=2 from the "continuum" channel averaged data.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Cont_spw3.png">
[[Image:Cont_spw3.png|thumb|<caption>Notice upswing at high channel numbers in spw=3.</caption>]]
</figure>


for a full description and download instructions. If you do not wish to do this, see the CASA 3.3 version of the guide linked at the top of this page for alternative (but slow) plotting options. Analysis Utilities are updated frequently so if its been a while since you installed it, its probably worth doing it again. If you are at an ALMA site or ARC, the analysis utilities are probably already installed and up to date.
One can also flag the spectral features first but in that case make a backup of the file that is analogous to TWHydra_corrected.ms as you will need it later (unflagged) for spectral line imagingWe begin by excluding ~20 channels on each edge, and averaging over 100 channel intervals:
 
==Fix Titan's coordinates==
 
'''Note that in the near future this step will be unnecessary.'''
 
It is temporarily necessary to correct the positions of ephemeris objects observed during ALMA Cycle 0, because the control software revisions earlier than 9.0 erroneously write the data with coordinates of 00:00:00.0000 +00.00.00.0000 (J2000).  For this dataset, we need to correct the position of the absolute flux calibrator Titan, as we can
see from the first {{listobs}}:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system('rm -f X3c1.ms.listobs')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_cont.ms*')
listobs('X3c1.ms', verbose=T, listfile='X3c1.ms.listobs')  
split(vis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',outputvis='TWHydra_cont.ms',
      spw='0~3:21~3820',width=100,datacolumn='data')
</source>
</source>


You can view the listobs output files using command "less" from the CASA prompt.
Now make a plot of amplitude vs. channel to see what needs to be flagged
 
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
  ID  Code Name          RA              Decl          Epoch  SrcId nRows
  0    none 3c279          12:56:11.16657 -05.47.21.5247 J2000  0    23625
  1    none Titan          00:00:00.00000 +00.00.00.0000 J2000  1    4842
  2    none TW Hya        11:01:51.84498 -34.42.17.1609 J2000  2    175176
  3    none J1147-382=QSO  11:47:01.38151 -38.12.11.1179 J2000  3    14832
  4    none J1037-295=QSO  10:37:16.08989 -29.34.02.9888 J2000  4    59877
</pre>


To correct Titan's position, we will use the task [http://casa.nrao.edu/stable/docs/TaskRef/fixplanets-task.html fixplanets], which writes the actual coordinates at the instant of the first observation.  This step takes a while because we are recalculating the uvw's accordingly.
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
fixplanets(vis='X3c1.ms', field='Titan', fixuvw=True)
plotms(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',spw='0~3',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='spw',iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)
</source>
</source>


Check the header information again with {{listobs}} to confirm that the information for Titan has changed:
The CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3) lines are obvious. The 4th spw; spw=3 also shows an upswing on the highest channels that is problematic, it was seen on the calibrators too and is likely due to a weak atmospheric feature, we will flag the worst of it.
 
<figure id="Cont_uvplot.png">
[[Image:Cont_uvplot.png|thumb|<caption>UV-plot of the continuum emission, colors show spws.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system('rm -f X3c1.ms.listobs')
flagdata(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms', mode='manual',  
listobs('X3c1.ms', verbose=T, listfile='X3c1.ms.listobs')  
        spw='0:16~16, 2:21~21, 3:33~37')
</source>
</source>


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
Have a look at the continuum as a function of uv-distance (in the plot to the right, the 4 spw are shown in different colors on top of each other). If the data are flat as a function of uv-distance, the source is completely unresolved. If instead you see structure (in this case decreasing amplitude with uv-distance), the source is resolved.  
  ID  Code Name          RA              Decl          Epoch  SrcId nRows
  0    none 3c279          12:56:11.16657 -05.47.21.5247 J2000  0    23625
  1    none Titan          12:49:25.97588 -02.22.41.3024 J2000  1    4842
  2    none TW Hya        11:01:51.84498 -34.42.17.1609 J2000  2    175176
  3    none J1147-382=QSO  11:47:01.38151 -38.12.11.1179 J2000  3    14832
  4    none J1037-295=QSO  10:37:16.08989 -29.34.02.9888 J2000  4    59877
</pre>


Now fix the other two measurement sets similarly:
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
fixplanets(vis='X5d8.ms', field='Titan', fixuvw=True)
plotms(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',spw='',xaxis='uvdist',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='38',
fixplanets(vis='X7ef.ms', field='Titan', fixuvw=True)
      coloraxis='spw',plotfile='cont_uvplot.png')
</source>
</source>


==Observing Log and Priors==
Notice that the spw do not have the same amplitude. Unfortunately, the red spw (highest frequency) should be higher than the green one (lowest frequency) because optically thin dust goes as nu^4, and optically thick as nu^2. This inconsistency is due to imperfect amplitude/absolute flux calibration. The self-calibration below will bring them into agreement with each other, but this is the sort of thing that results in considerable absolute flux uncertainty at submillimeter wavelengths. We are working on how to do this better.


Below is some information that may not be obvious from the data
==A priori Noise Estimates==


<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
<figure id="Corrected_time.png">
Like at most telescopes, the ALMA operators and astronomers at the site log any significant issues
[[File:Corrected_time.png|thumb|<caption>Plot for estimating time.</caption>]]
that were noticed from the online system during the observation. For these Band 7 observations of
</figure>
TW Hya on April 22, 2011, the only issue of note was that antenna DV04 could not observe at Band 7
<figure id="sensitivity_cont.png">
and will need to be flagged.  
[[File:sensitivity_cont.png|thumb|<caption>Sensitivity calculator setup with observed continuum parameters for these observations.</caption>]]
</pre>
</figure>


First let's examine the basic properties of the data using {{listobs}}. Among other information we
To estimate what the expected noise levels are, we first need to know how much time we had on source. Looking at
will be able to deduce what the source ids are and what each source was used for:
a plot of amplitude vs time for the concatenated but pre-split data (see below) there are 9x8min scans + 6x6min scans + 3x1min + 2x2min scans for about 1.9 hours on source. There are 2 polarizations and about 1.75 GHz of total continuum bandwidth taking into account flagging.


<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
Using this information and https://almascience.nrao.edu/call-for-proposals/sensitivity-calculator, we find that the '''expected rms noise for the continuum is about 0.3 mJy/beam'''.
3c279 is the bandpass calibrator (field id=0)
Titan is the absolute flux calibrator (field id=1)
J1147-382 is the secondary phase calibrator (field id=3)
J1037-295 is the primary phase calibrator (field id=4)
</pre>


<source lang="python">
For the spectral line data, which we will image below, with 0.12 km/s channels (needs to be entered in the field ''bandwidth per polarization''), the '''expected rms noise for the spectral lines is about 32 mJy/beam'''.
# In CASA
data=['X3c1.ms','X5d8.ms','X7ef.ms']
for vis in data:
    os.system('rm '+vis+'.listobs')
    listobs(vis, verbose=T, listfile=vis+'.listobs')
</source>


You can view the {{listobs}} output files using command '''less''' from the CASA prompt. 
==Image and Self-Calibrate the Continuum==
Below we copy select parts of the {{listobs}} output files for reference.


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
====Create Initial Clean Image====
X3c1.ms:
Data records: 278352      Total integration time = 6109.06 seconds
  Observed from  22-Apr-2011/00:01:52.9  to  22-Apr-2011/01:43:42.0 (UTC)


X5d8.ms:
First we will make an initial image using {{clean}}, this task will both deconvolve and clean.  
Data records: 278406      Total integration time = 5995.01 seconds
  Observed from  22-Apr-2011/01:48:05.8  to  22-Apr-2011/03:28:00.8 (UTC)


X7ef.ms:
<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
Data records: 255717      Total integration time = 5407.49 seconds
If you are unfamiliar with the basic concepts of deconvolution and clean,
  Observed from  22-Apr-2011/03:30:39.7  to  22-Apr-2011/05:00:47.2 (UTC)
pause here and review for example
 
http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/events/synthesis/2010/lectures/wilner_synthesis10.pdf
Fields: 5
</pre>
  ID  Code Name                RA              Decl          Epoch  SrcId nRows
  0    none 3c279              12:56:11.16657 -05.47.21.5247 J2000  0    23625
  1    none Titan              12:49:25.97588 -02.22.41.3024 J2000  1    4842
  2    none TW Hya              11:01:51.84498 -34.42.17.1609 J2000  2    175176
  3    none J1147-382=QSO      11:47:01.38151 -38.12.11.1179 J2000  3    14832
  4    none J1037-295=QSO      10:37:16.08989 -29.34.02.9888 J2000  4    59877


  SpwID  #Chans Frame Ch1(MHz)    ChanWid(kHz)  TotBW(kHz)  Corrs
In {{clean}}, we use '''mode='mfs'''' to do multifrequency synthesis, in other words grid each uv-channel independently. Since the uv-spacing is a function of frequency, this will actually achieve greater uv-coverage than if all the channels and spws had been averaged in advance. The '''imsize=100''' and '''cellsize=['0.3arcsec']''' were chosen to be appropriate for the Band and antenna configuration. At ALMA Band 7, the Full Width Half Power primary beam is about 20", so we want to make our image at least this big. We've made it a bit larger out to about the 25% power point. For the configuration used to take these data, the resolution is expected to be about 1.5" and it is a good idea to oversample the beam by setting the cell size to be a factor of 4 or 5 smaller than the beam (we have used 5 here).   
  0          4 TOPO  184550      1500000      7500000    I
  1        128 TOPO  355740.062  15625        2000000    XX  YY
  2          1 TOPO  356716.625  1796875      1796875    XX  YY
  3        128 TOPO  356507.813  15625        2000000    XX  YY
  4          1 TOPO  357484.375  1796875      1796875    XX  YY
  5        128 TOPO  346792.187  15625        2000000    XX  YY
  6          1 TOPO  345784.375  1796875      1796875    XX  YY
  7         128 TOPO  345182.438  15625        2000000    XX  YY
  8          1 TOPO  344174.625  1796875      1796875    XX  YY
  9        128 TOPO  344386.763  15625        2000000    XX  YY
  10          1 TOPO  343378.95  1796875      1796875    XX  YY
  11        128 TOPO  346324.263  15625        2000000    XX  YY
  12          1 TOPO  345316.45  1796875      1796875    XX  YY
  13        128 TOPO  354402.388  15625        2000000    XX  YY
  14          1 TOPO  355378.95  1796875      1796875    XX  YY
  15        128 TOPO  356402.388  15625        2000000    XX  YY
  16          1 TOPO  357378.95  1796875      1796875    XX  YY
  17      3840 TOPO  356497.936  122.070312    468750      XX  YY
  18          1 TOPO  356732.189  468750        468750      XX  YY
  19      3840 TOPO  357734.314  122.070312    468750      XX  YY
  20         1 TOPO  357499.939  468750        468750      XX  YY
  21      3840 TOPO  346034.314  122.070312    468750      XX  YY
  22          1 TOPO  345799.939  468750        468750      XX  YY
  23      3840 TOPO  343955.936  122.070312    468750      XX  YY
  24          1 TOPO  344190.189  468750        468750      XX YY


Antennas: 9:
For doing self-calibration it is essential that only "real" signal be included in the image model, thus it is important to make a clean mask, and clean the first iteration rather conservatively (shallowly) so that you are sure that you do not have clean components in your model that do not represent real source emission. In the example below we set '''interactive=T''' so you can interactively make the clean mask and stop clean when the signal from the source starts to approach the surrounding "noise" areas in the residual map.
      Name  Station  Diam.    Long.        Lat.
  0    DV04  J505      12.0 m  -067.45.18.0  -22.53.22.8
  1    DV06  T704      12.0 m  -067.45.16.2  -22.53.22.1
  2    DV07  J510      12.0 m  -067.45.17.8  -22.53.23.5
  3    DV08  T703      12.0 m  -067.45.16.2  -22.53.23.9
  4    DV09  N602      12.0 m  -067.45.17.4  -22.53.22.3
  5    DV10  N606      12.0 m  -067.45.17.1  -22.53.23.6
  6    PM01  T702      12.0 m  -067.45.18.6  -22.53.24.1
  7    PM02  T701      12.0 m  -067.45.18.8  -22.53.22.2
  8    PM03  J504      12.0 m  -067.45.17.0  -22.53.23.0
</pre>


Things to Notice from above:  
'''NOTE:''' Real emission will not go away if you do not put a clean box on it. Conversely if you put a clean box on something that is NOT real and clean deeply you can amplify that feature. Thus, its best to be conservative and build up your clean box as you go, you can generally see fainter "real" features in the residuals.
*There are three different data sets acquired close together in time. We will calibrate each dataset independently and then combine the calibrated data prior to imaging.
*Titan appears to have slightly different positions in each dataset because it is a moving body.  In fact, at the time of observation, due to temporary data capture issue in the ALMA system, the position was written has (0,0). We have pre-corrected this error using fixplanets.  Later in the tutorial, we will run fixplanets again to force all three datasets to have the same fixed position for Titan.
*There are a lot of spectral windows! Don't be alarmed. In ALMA data,
**spw=0 is always reserved for the water vapor radiometry data.
**spw=9, 11, 13, 15 are the wideband (TDM) correlator mode with 128 channels per spw default settings for doing pointing and this is all they are used for in these data.
**Currently Tsys data can only be taken in the wide (TDM) correlator mode with 128 channels per spw, these correspond to spws=1, 3, 5, 7 above. The frequencies of these TDM spws were carefully chosen so the the narrowband FDM spws fall within them.
** The 0.5 GHz, high spectral resolution spws that contain all the real source data (science target and calibrators) are 17, 19, 21, and 23
**For quicklook purposes, the ALMA online system produces a channel averaged spw for each channelized spw, these correspond to spw=2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24 and shouldn't be used for anything in post-processing as bandpass calibration etc has not been applied.


In the portion of the {{listobs}} output that shows the timerange, the final column gives the scan intent. It is important to have a look at this because you can flag and do other operations in CASA using the scan intent as a selection option. Also, these intents will be used in the future for pipeline processing. You will usually want to use them to flag the CALIBRATE_POINTING* and CALIBRATE_ATMOS* (the latter correspond to the hot and cold load measurements used to calculate Tsys) data. This is essential for science or calibration data taken only in TDM (wide bandwidth) mode, i.e. the same mode that the pointing and Tsys data are taken in. For the current data however, that calibration data is recorded in different spws from the useful FDM (narrow bandwidth) data, so we'll be able to separate them by splitting them off at the final step prior to imaging.
'''NOTE:''' If you start an interactive clean, and then do not make a mask, clean will stop when you tell it to go on because it has nothing to clean. There is no default mask.


<figure id="Ant_pos.png">
<figure id="Viewer_clean1.png">
[[Image:Ant_pos.png|thumb|<caption>Antenna locations for the first dataset.</caption>]]
[[Image:Viewer_clean1.png|thumb|<caption>Interactive viewer.</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>


Before we move on, its also nice to get an idea where the antennas are with respect to each other. We can use {{plotants}} to plot their positions. It is a good idea to check each file since an antenna may have entered or exited the array between observations.
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for vis in data:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall.*')
    plotants(vis=vis,figfile=vis+'.plotants.png')
clean(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',imagename='TWHydra_contall',
      mode='mfs', imagermode='csclean',
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],spw='',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,
      mask='',usescratch=False,
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=10000)
</source>
</source>


You can view the output images using any standard image viewer.
'''NOTE:'''{{clean}} will generate several files automatically with the '''imagename''' prepended:
* <imagename>.image # the final restored image
* <imagename>.flux # the effective primary beam response (e.g. for pbcor)
* <imagename>.flux.pbcoverage # the primary beam coverage (ftmachine=’mosaic’ only)
* <imagename>.model # the model image
* <imagename>.residual # the residual image
* <imagename>.psf # the synthesized (dirty) beam
 
Once the Clean Viewer opens, click on the polygon tool with your left mouse button, and draw a polygon around the continuum emission with the left mouse button. Double click inside the region with the left mouse button when you are happy with it. It will turn from green to white when the clean mask is accepted. To continue with clean use the "Next action" buttons in the green area on the Viewer Display GUI.
 
<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
The red X will stop clean where you are, the blue arrow will stop
the interactive part of clean, but continue to clean non-interactively
until reaching the number of iterations requested (niter) or the flux
density threshold (whichever comes first), and the green circle arrow
will clean until it reaches the "iterations" parameter on the left side
of the green area. 
</pre>
 
'''You should chose the green circle arrow'''. It will clean 100 iterations (number under iteration in the green area on the Viewer GUI) and then show the '''residual image''' again. The middle mouse button is automatically assigned to the "plus" icon, which adjusts the colorscale. '''If you cannot easily access multiple mouse buttons, you can always assign your one mouse button the icon you want by clicking on it'''. Adjust the color scale so you can see the structure in the noise better. Also, note that the logger is telling you the amount of clean flux recovered so far, the min/max residuals, and the synthesized beam:
 
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.0203454, 0.00267232 clean flux 1.30124
Threshhold not reached yet.
Beam used in restoration: 1.6962 by 1.54549 (arcsec) at pa 28.9043 (deg)
</pre>
 
Already with only 100 iterations, the residuals outside the clean mask are larger than that inside. So we will stop here by hitting the Red X symbol.


==Create the Tsys and WVR Tables, and Examine ==
====1st Round of Continuum Data Phase Self-calibration====


Each ms include tables that contain the Tsys and WVR measurements associated with the visibility data.
Next we can use the clean model to self-calibrate the uv-data. The process of self-calibration tries to adjust the data to better match the model you give it. That is why it is important to make the model as good as you can. {{clean}} places a uv-model of the resulting image in the file <tt>TWHydra_cont.model</tt>. This model can then be used to self-calibrate the data using {{gaincal}}. We use '''gaintype='T'''' to tell it to average the polarizations before deriving solutions (which gains us a sqrt(2) in sensitivity). A critical parameter to play with is '''solint'''; we use '''solint=30s'''. From {{listobs}} the integration time of these data is about 10 seconds, so using '''solint=30s''' then gains us a sqrt(3) in sensitivity. It is often best to start with a larger '''solint''' and then work your way down to the integration time if the S/N of the data permits. For the same reasons as described in the [[TWHydraBand7_Calibration_4.0]] tutorial we want to fix up the phases before tackling amplitude by setting '''calmode='p''''.
We must create calibration tables from these measurements. First we create the WVR calibration tables
by running the task [http://casa.nrao.edu/stable/docs/TaskRef/wvrgcal-task.html wvrgcal]. This task
examines the data for each ms as a whole and creates a calibration
table containing only phase corrections for each antenna and spw.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename_all = ['X3c1','X5d8','X7ef']
gaincal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',caltable='self_1.pcal',
for asdm in basename_all:
        solint='30s',combine='',gaintype='T',
  os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.wvr')
        refant='DV06',spw='',minblperant=4,
  wvrgcal(vis=asdm+'.ms', caltable=asdm+'.wvr', segsource=True, toffset=-1)
        calmode='p',minsnr=2)
</source>
</source>


Next we create the Tsys tables by running {{gencal}}:
<figure id="Self_1_phase.png">
[[Image:Self_1_phase.png|thumb|<caption>Phase solutions from self_1.pcal with solint=30s.</caption>]]
</figure>
 
Because '''combine=' '''', we are getting independent solutions for each spw. If you are desperate for S/N, you can try combining them with combine='spw'. We have plenty of S/N in these data so we keep them separate. Look at the solutions.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename_all = ['X3c1','X5d8','X7ef']
plotcal(caltable='self_1.pcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',
for asdm in basename_all:
        spw='',field='',antenna='1~8',iteration='antenna',
  os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.tsys')
        subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,-80,80],figfile='self_1_phase.png')
  gencal(vis=asdm+'.ms', caltable=asdm+'.tsys', caltype='tsys')
</source>
</source>


It is very important that Tsys measurements taken as close in time and elevation as possible to a particular source are applied. To save telescope time, Tsys measurements are sometimes intentionally skipped in the scheduling block for specific sources. So the first step is to establish which sources have their own Tsys measurements and which do not. To do this, you may use the intent parameter of {{listobs}}:
The magnitude of corrections gives you a sense of how accurate the phase transfer from the calibrators was. You are checking to see that the phases are being well tracked by the solutions, i.e. smoothly varying functions of time within a given scan. Also the solutions for each spw are lying basically on top of each other which indicates that the spw to spw phase offsets are well calibrated already. Overall, these solutions look quite good. If they didn't you could try increasing the solint and/or combining the spw into a single solution.  
 
After checking that you are happy with the solutions, apply them with {{applycal}}


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename_all = ['X3c1','X5d8','X7ef']
applycal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',field='',gaintable=['self_1.pcal'],calwt=F)
for asdm in basename_all:
    listobs(vis=asdm+'.ms', verbose=F, selectdata=True, intent='CALIBRATE_ATMOS*')
</source>
</source>


<figure id="X3c1.tsys_vs_time_3.4.png">
<figure id="Viewer_pcal1.png">
[[File:X3c1.tsys_vs_time_3.4.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs. time for spw 1 of the X3c1.ms data.</caption>]]
[[Image:Viewer_pcal1.png|thumb|<caption>Clean residuals after 100 iterations and the 1st phase only self-cal. Residuals inside mask are higher than the "noise" outside.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="X5d8.tsys_vs_time_3.4.png">
[[File:X5d8.tsys_vs_time_3.4.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs. time for spw 1 of the X5d8.ms data.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="X7ef.tsys_vs_time_3.4.png">
[[File:X7ef.tsys_vs_time_3.4.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs. time for spw 1 of the X7ef.ms data.</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
Next clean the source again, to save time we can start with the clean mask from the last iteration. If you make interactive adjustments to the clean mask, they will be written to the '''new''' mask TWHydra_contall_1pcal.mask, and not the old one.  
Fields: 4
  ID  Code Name                RA              Decl          Epoch  SrcId nRows 
  0    none 3c279              12:56:11.16657 -05.47.21.5247 J2000  0    1116 
  1    none Titan              12:49:25.97588 -02.22.41.3024 J2000  1    1125 
  2    none TW Hya              11:01:51.84498 -34.42.17.1609 J2000  2    6795 
  4    none J1037-295=QSO      10:37:16.08989 -29.34.02.9888 J2000  4    6777 
Spectral Windows:  (9 unique spectral windows and 2 unique polarization setups)
  SpwID  #Chans Frame Ch1(MHz)    ChanWid(kHz)  TotBW(kHz)  Corrs 
  0          4 TOPO  184550      1500000      7500000    I 
  1        128 TOPO  355740.062  15625        2000000    XX  YY 
  2          1 TOPO  356716.625  1796875      1796875    XX  YY 
  3        128 TOPO  356507.813  15625        2000000    XX  YY 
  4          1 TOPO  357484.375  1796875      1796875    XX  YY 
  5        128 TOPO  346792.187  15625        2000000    XX  YY 
  6          1 TOPO  345784.375  1796875      1796875    XX  YY 
  7        128 TOPO  345182.438  15625        2000000    XX  YY 
  8          1 TOPO  344174.625  1796875      1796875    XX  YY 
</pre>
 
Because field '3'  (the secondary phase calibrator) does not appear in the list, it has no tsys.  Since the secondary phase calibrator is close on the sky to the primary phase calibrator and observed near in time, we will transfer the Tsys from the primary to the secondary phase calibrator.
Also notice that spws 1,3,5,7 are the only multi-channel spws that contain Tsys data.  At present, Tsys measurements can only be obtained with TDM spectral setups (128 channels/dual pol).  Because our science target is observed in FDM (3840 channels/dual pol), we will need to interpolate the measurements from TDM to FDM. But first, to inspect the Tsys vs. time, we use {{plotcal}}:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename_all = ['X3c1','X5d8','X7ef']
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall_1pcal.*')
tsysfields=['0','1','2','4']
clean(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',imagename='TWHydra_contall_1pcal',
os.system('mkdir cal_plots; mkdir cal_plots/Tsys_plots')  
      mode='mfs',imagermode='csclean',
for asdm in basename_all:
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],spw='',
  print "Plotting Tsys vs. time for "+asdm
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,  
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys', xaxis='time',yaxis='tsys',
      mask='TWHydra_contall.mask',usescratch=False,
          antenna='1~8',plotrange=[0,0,100,500],
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=10000)
          iteration='antenna',subplot=421,poln='',spw='1:50~50',
          figfile='cal_plots/Tsys_plots/'+asdm+'.tsys_vs_time.png')
  if (asdm != basename_all[-1]):
    user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>


To inspect Tsys vs. frequency, we use [[plotbandpass]] from [[analysis_Utilities]]. (Note: You need to have installed [[analysis_Utilities]] before starting casapy.)  There are many different options for plotbandpass, and we demonstrate some of the most useful ones. The option '''showtsky=T''' will overlay the effective temperature curve from the atmospheric model.  This shows us the location of any atmospheric lines which will appear as emission lines in the autocorrelation data (from which the Tsys spectra are derived) from all antennasIn the
Now after the first 100 iterations you see that the residuals inside the clean mask are higher than those outside. This is because flux that had been spread out in the map due to poorly correlated phases has been placed where it belongs on the source, thereby increasing its flux. You may also notice that your original clean mask is a little too small. If so, you can make it a bit larger, just by drawing a new polygon around the area you want to include. When you double click, it will incorporate the new mask into the current mask (if your box goes awry you can use the erase toggle [radio button] to erase and redo the mask).  The new mask area need not overlap the original mask (though for this source it probably will). You might also want to use the magnifying glass to zoom in. Again, you assign mouse buttons by clicking on the icon you want. Clean another 100 iterations (for a total of 200) and stop by clicking the red X.
example below, we set '''interactive=False''', which will produce many pages of plots as
individual pngs but will only show the final page in the graphics window. To view all the pages we use the image viewer '''eog''' (Eye of GNOME) available on Linux.  The alternative is to set '''interactive=True''' and examine the plots in the casa graphics window as they are produced.


<figure id="X3c1.tsys.field0.DV04.spw1.t1.png">
Now open initial and 1st self-cal images to compare them using {{imview}}. This is an alternative version of the {{viewer}} that is somewhat scriptable.  
[[File:X3c1.tsys.field0.DV04.spw1.t1.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs. frequency on 3C279 for the X3c1.ms data, spw=1.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="X3c1.tsys.field0.DV04.spw3.t1.png">
[[File:X3c1.tsys.field0.DV04.spw3.t1.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs. frequency on 3C279 for the X3c1.ms data, spw=3.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
basename_all = ['X3c1','X5d8','X7ef']
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
imview(raster=[{'file':'TWHydra_contall.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]},
    print "Plotting Tsys vs. frequency for "+asdm
      {'file':'TWHydra_contall_1pcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]}])
    for spw in [1,3,5,7]:
        for field in ['0','1']:
            au.plotbandpass(caltable=asdm+'.tsys', xaxis='freq',yaxis='amp',
                    showtsky=T,subplot=421,field=field,
                    spw=spw, interactive=False, plotrange=[0,0,0,0],
                    figfile='cal_plots/Tsys_plots/'+asdm+'.tsys.field%s.png'%field,
                    buildpdf=False)
</source>
</source>


In <xr id="X3c1.tsys.field0.DV04.spw1.t1.png"/> and <xr id="X3c1.tsys.field0.DV04.spw3.t1.png"/> we see the effect of atmospheric ozone lines on the Tsys measurements associated with 3C279 in spw 1 and 3.
Once the Viewer Display panel opens, click on the box next in the "Images" panel and then use the tapedeck buttons in the panel to alternate between the two images. Because the range was explicitly set, they are on the same color scale. It is obvious that the self-calibrated image is better. To quantify, 1st toggle back to "normal" and then draw a region that excludes the central source with the polygon tool and then double click inside (if you stay in the "Images" view, only the statistics for the last image opened will appear on the terminal instead of both). The basic statistics of the polygon region will print to the '''terminal''':


For sources that have multiple Tsys measurements (typically the primary phase calibrator and/or the science target) one can use '''overlay="time"''' to overlay all the measurements for that sourceThis can help to identify any anomalous Tsys scans. As a fraction of the plots produced by this loop, here we show the Tsys recorded on spw=1 for TW Hya from the first dataset.
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
TWHydra_contall.image
        Stokes      Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency
            I          0km/s          TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11
BrightnessUnit      BeamArea          Npts            Sum          Flux
      Jy/beam        33.0039          2357  -9.434800e-01  -2.858690e-02
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum
  -4.002885e-04  7.906752e-03  7.898289e-03  -2.541723e-02  2.172779e-02


<figure id="X3c1.tsys.field2.DV04.spw1.png">
TWHydra_contall_1pcal.image
[[File:X3c1.tsys.field2.DV04.spw1.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs. freq for field 2, spw 1 of the X3c1.ms data (antennas 0..3).</caption>]]
        Stokes      Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency
</figure>
            I          0km/s          TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11
<figure id="X3c1.tsys.field2.DV04.spw1.png">
BrightnessUnit      BeamArea          Npts            Sum          Flux
[[File:X3c1.tsys.field2.DV09.spw1.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs. freq for field 2, spw 1 of the X3c1.ms data (antennas 4..7).</caption>]]
      Jy/beam        33.0039          2357  6.326584e-01  1.916918e-02
</figure>
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum
<figure id="X3c1.tsys.field2.PM03.spw1.png">
  2.684168e-04  3.655786e-03  3.646692e-03  -1.215155e-02  1.109403e-02
[[File:X3c1.tsys.field2.PM03.spw1.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs. freq for field 2, spw 1 of the X3c1.ms data (antenna 8).</caption>]]
</pre>
</figure>
 
<source lang="python">
basename_all = ['X3c1','X5d8','X7ef']
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Plotting Tsys vs. frequency for "+asdm
    for spw in [1,3,5,7]:
        for field in ['2','4']:
            au.plotbandpass(caltable=asdm+'.tsys', xaxis='freq',yaxis='amp',
                    showtsky=T,subplot=221,field=field,
                    overlay='time',spw=spw, interactive=False, plotrange=[0,0,0,0],
                    figfile='cal_plots/Tsys_plots/'+asdm+'.tsys.field%s.png'%field,
                    buildpdf = False)
</source>


Alternatively, the '''overlay="antenna"''' option will quickly reveal any Antennas with discrepant Tsys values, as they
The self-calibrated image has more than a factor of 2 lower rms noise!
will be obvious outliers.  For FDM projects like this one, using the '''showfdm=True''' option can be helpful, as it
will show where in the TDM bandpass each FDM spw was located. 
<figure id="X3c1.tsys.field0.spw1.t1.png">
[[Image:X3c1.tsys.field0.spw1.t1.png|thumb|<caption>Tsys vs Freq for field 0, spw 1 of the X3c1.ms data with all antennas overlaid.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
====2nd Round of Continuum Data Phase Self-calibration====
tsysfields=['0','1','2','4']
basename_all = ['X3c1','X5d8','X7ef']
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Plotting Tsys vs. frequency for "+asdm
    for spw in [1,3,5,7]:
        for field in tsysfields:
            au.plotbandpass(caltable=asdm+'.tsys', xaxis='freq',yaxis='amp',
                  showtsky=T,subplot=111,field=field,
                  overlay='antenna',spw=spw, interactive=False,
                  figfile='cal_plots/Tsys_plots/'+asdm+'.tsys.field%s.png'%field,
                  buildpdf=False,showfdm=True)
</source>


Now that we have a better model, we solve for solutions again. This time we will try making the solint smaller -- the integration time is about 10 seconds, so we set '''solint='int'''' to have it use the integration time.


Note that DV04 consistently has a significantly higher Tsys than the rest of the antennas. We already know from the Observation log that
<figure id="Self_2_phase.png">
we need to flag that antenna, but had we not had that information, examining this plot would have demonstrated the situation.
[[Image:Self_2_phase.png|thumb|<caption>Phase solutions from self_2.pcal with solint='int'.</caption>]]
 
</figure>
==Apply the Tsys and WVR Tables, and Split ==
 
Next we apply the calibrations. For the (4) sources with Tsys measurements, we use the '''field''' and '''gainfield''' parameters of {{applycal}} to apply solutions only to themselves.  A new feature in casa 3.4 is the ability of {{applycal}} to interpolate gain tables from one spw onto another spw. In this case, we want to interpolate the TDM Tsys values in spws 1,3,5,7 onto the FDM spws 17,19,21,23.  We use the '''interp''' parameter to request linear interpolation in the time dimension and spline interpolation in the channel/frequency dimension. To map the solutions for each spw, we use the '''spwmap''' parameter, which requires a list of all spws for each gain table to be applied, or a blank list ([]) which is a shorthand notation to apply the solution for each spw to itself.  While applying Tsys, we will also apply the wvr calibration tables; wvr data is usually always present for all sources.  Below we first set some definitions so we can loop over the correct parameters:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
fdm='17,19,21,23'
gaincal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',caltable='self_2.pcal',
nocal='3' # This source had no Tsys measurements associated with it
        solint='int',combine='',gaintype='T',
tsysfields=['0','1','2','4']
        refant='DV06',spw='',minblperant=4,
tsysmap = range(25)
        calmode='p',minsnr=2)
tsysmap[17] = 1
tsysmap[19] = 3
tsysmap[21] = 5
tsysmap[23] = 7
for asdm in basename_all:
  for field in tsysfields:
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw=fdm, field=field, gainfield=field,
            gaintable=[asdm+'.tsys', asdm+'.wvr'], spwmap=[tsysmap,[]],
            interp=['linear,spline','nearest'], flagbackup=F, calwt=T)
</source>
</source>


For the sources without Tsys (i.e. field=3), couple them with the best available source with Tsys (i.e. field=4).
Now plot the new solutions.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
plotcal(caltable='self_2.pcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw=fdm, field=nocal,
        spw='',field='',antenna='1~8',iteration='antenna',
          gaintable=[asdm+'.tsys', asdm+'.wvr'], spwmap=[tsysmap,[]],
        subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,-80,80],figfile='self_2_phase.png')
          gainfield=['4',nocal], interp=['linear,spline','nearest'],flagbackup=F,
          calwt=T)
</source>
</source>


Check Tsys application with plotms. First we make plots with '''ydatacolumn='data'''' to look at the raw data. For
The phases on this shorter '''solint''' still seem to be tracking well so we will apply it and make a new image and check to see if there is improvement.  
simplicity we'll just look at the two strongest sources 3C279 and Titan.
 
<figure id="X5d8_wvrtsys_corrected_spw19.png">
[[Image:X5d8_wvrtsys_corrected_spw19.png|thumb|<caption>Spectral plots of 3C279 (black) and Titan (magenta) for spw=19 after Tsys and wvr correction.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X5d8.ms',spw='17,19,21,23',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='amp',field='0,1',
applycal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',field='',gaintable=['self_2.pcal'],calwt=F)
      antenna='*&*',avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw',
      xselfscale=T,ydatacolumn='data')
</source>
</source>


<figure id="X5d8_wvrtsys_corrected_spw21.png">
<figure id="Viewer_pcal2.png">
[[Image:X5d8_wvrtsys_corrected_spw21.png|thumb|<caption>Spectral plots of 3C279 (black) and Titan (magenta) for spw=21 after Tsys and wvr correction.</caption>]]
[[Image:Viewer_pcal2.png|thumb|<caption>Clean residuals after 2nd phase only self-cal and 250 iterations. The residuals inside the clean mask are lower than those outside, so its time to stop.</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>


'''Note''': the antenna='*&*' is specifying that we only want to see the cross-correlation data (i.e. not the autocorrelations).
Now clean again, updating '''mask''' with the most recent mask file.
 
Use the '''green arrows''' on the {{plotms}} display to cycle through the 4 FDM spws.
 
Now change '''Data Column''' to '''corrected''' on the "Axes" tab (this is the same as ydatacolumn in the task) and hit '''Plot''' button on the GUI. Flip through again.
 
'''Things to notice:'''
* The amplitude scale has changed due to application of Tsys
* spw=17 is clean and flat
* spw=19 shows a strong dip around channel 3000 -- this is an atmospheric ozone absorption feature at 357.6 GHz. In the future, high spectral resolution Tsys measurements may help to remove the shape of the absorption, but until then we will need to flag this part of the spectrum.
* spw=21 Titan shows both a narrow and a broad spectral feature. The broad feature is CO(3-2) and it completely fills the 0.5 GHz band so there are no line-free channels! Titan must be handled carefully when it is used as a calibrator because it contains strong line emission. Indeed, we will not be able to use the absolute flux transfer from this spw for other targets. When possible Titan should be avoided for absolute flux calibration. For these observations, no other suitable absolute flux calibrator was available.
* spw=23 shows another strong line from Titan.
 
Beyond these things to notice, the application of Tsys and wvr seem to have gone well. We can now split off only the narrow band FDM spectral windows for further processing.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall_2pcal.*')
  newvis = asdm + '_wvrtsys.ms'
clean(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',imagename='TWHydra_contall_2pcal',
  os.system('rm -rf ' + newvis)
      mode='mfs',imagermode='csclean',
  split(vis=asdm+'.ms',outputvis=newvis,datacolumn='corrected',spw=fdm)
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],spw='',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,usescratch=False,
      mask='TWHydra_contall_1pcal.mask',
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=10000)
</source>
</source>


'''Note''': After {{split}}, the spectral windows will be renumbered to 0, 1, 2, 3 corresponding to the old spw=17, 19, 21, 23, see {{listobs}} excerpt below.
After 200 iterations


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
  SpwID  #Chans Frame Ch1(MHz)    ChanWid(kHz)  TotBW(kHz)  Corrs 
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.00489776, -0.00464541 clean flux 1.44461
  0       3840 TOPO  356497.936  122.070312    468750      XX  YY 
  1       3840 TOPO  357734.314  122.070312    468750      XX  YY 
  2        3840 TOPO  346034.314  122.070312    468750      XX  YY 
  3        3840 TOPO  343955.936  122.070312    468750      XX  YY 
</pre>
</pre>


==Initial Inspection and Flagging==
It looks like it could use just a little more cleaning, so set '''iterations=50 in the GUI'''.


From here we begin to operate on the *wvrtsys.ms files. 
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
Clean used 50 iterations to approach a threshhold of 0.0015067
0.0107122 Jy <- cleaned in this cycle for  model 0 (Total flux : 1.45532Jy)
Final maximum residual = 0.00326382
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.00326382, -0.00321361 clean flux 1.45532
</pre>
 
The small amount of flux cleaned this cycle indicates that clean is converging and it's about time to stop. Also the residuals inside the clean mask are now smaller than the residuals outside (i.e. the noise) also indicating it's time to stop by hitting the red X on the GUI.


Before we begin flagging data, we unflag all data in the measurement sets.  If this is your first pass through this section of the guide, no data in the measurement sets will be flagged, and you can skip this step.  If you are rerunning the flagging commands below, this will reset your flag columns to their original state.  (Warning messages about using task '''tflagdata''' can be ignored for now.)
Now repeat the display, blinking, and image statistics steps described above for the 1st and 2nd phase-only self-cal iterations.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
splitdata=['X3c1_wvrtsys.ms','X5d8_wvrtsys.ms','X7ef_wvrtsys.ms']
imview(raster=[{'file':'TWHydra_contall_1pcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]},
for vis in splitdata:
      {'file':'TWHydra_contall_2pcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]}])
  flagdata(vis=vis, mode='manualflag', unflag=T, flagbackup=F)
</source>
</source>


ALMA data contains both the cross correlation and autocorrelation data. Presently nothing more can be done with the autocorrelation data so we flag it. Additionally, for smaller configurations of the array, and northerly sources one antenna can ''shadow'' another, blocking its view. This data also needs to be flagged. Finally, the observing log told us DV04 was not behaving properly at Band 7 and shouldn't be used so we flag that as well.
The difference is small:
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
        Stokes      Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency
            I          0km/s          TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11
BrightnessUnit      BeamArea          Npts            Sum          Flux
      Jy/beam        33.0039          2466  4.611597e-02  1.397287e-03
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum
  1.870072e-05  3.831524e-03  3.832255e-03  -1.414417e-02  1.109403e-02


<source lang="python">
TWHydra_contall_2pcal.image
# In CASA
        Stokes      Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency
splitdata=['X3c1_wvrtsys.ms','X5d8_wvrtsys.ms','X7ef_wvrtsys.ms']
            I          0km/s          TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11
for vis in splitdata:
BrightnessUnit      BeamArea          Npts            Sum          Flux
   flagdata(vis=vis,autocorr=True, flagbackup=T)
      Jy/beam        33.0039          2466  1.159416e-01  3.512963e-03
   flagdata(vis=vis,mode='shadow',diameter=12.0, flagbackup=F)
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum
   flagdata(vis=vis,antenna='DV04', flagbackup=F)
   4.701606e-05  3.811716e-03   3.812199e-03  -1.383034e-02   1.078456e-02
</source>
</pre>


Next we inspect the data with {{plotms}} for additional issues that need flagging, first looking at amplitude vs. time for each of the three datasets. Use the '''green''' arrows on the plotms gui to cycle through spws.  
This small improvement suggests that we have gone as far as we can with phase self-cal.


<figure id="Tsyswvr_time_spw0_X3x1.png">
===Continuum Data Amplitude Self-Calibration===
[[Image:Tsyswvr_time_spw0_X3x1.png|thumb|<caption>Amplitude as a function of time for X3c1_wvrtsys.ms, spw=0</caption>]]
</figure>


'''Note''': when '''iteraxis''' is invoked in {{plotms}}, unzoom does not always work properly.  If you have trouble with this, flip to next page and then back to current one.  This usually fixes the problem.
Now we will apply the best phase solution table on-the-fly while solving for the amplitude self-cal solutions. Since amplitude changes more slowly and is less constrained than phase, we use a longer '''solint='inf'''', as long as '''combine=' '''' this means to do one solution per scan.  


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X3c1_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='3840',
gaincal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',caltable='self_ap.cal',
      coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw')
        solint='inf',combine='',gaintype='T',
        refant='DV06',spw='',minblperant=4,
        gaintable=['self_2.pcal'],
        calmode='ap',minsnr=2)
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
It's useful to look at the residual phase in the amplitude calibration table, i.e. since we applied our best phase-only solution while solving for this new amplitude and phase ('''calmode='ap'''') solution, the phase should already be corrected.
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X5d8_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='3840',
      coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw')
</source>


<source lang="python">
<figure id="Self_ap_phase.png">
# In CASA
[[Image:Self_ap_phase.png|thumb|<caption>Residual phase solutions from self_ap.cal.</caption>]]
plotms(vis='X7ef_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='3840',
</figure>
      coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw')
<figure id="Self_ap_amp.png">
</source>
[[Image:Self_ap_amp.png|thumb|<caption>Amplitude solutions from self_ap.cal.</caption>]]
 
<figure id="Tsyswvr_time_spw2corr_X3x1.png">
[[Image:Tsyswvr_time_spw2corr_X3x1.png|thumb|<caption>Amplitude as a function of time for X3x1_wvrtsys.ms, spw=2 with colorize='corr'.</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>
'''Things to Notice:'''
* In spw=2 there are some low points in all three data files. Use the "Mark Regions" box (left of center on bottom row of icons) to draw small box on low points. Then click the magnifying glass icon to the right of center. The output will be sent to the logger window. '''Note''': keep the marked region small or you can overwhelm the buffer. Locate suggests correlation YY on PM03 is the culprit.
To see this more clearly you can rerun {{plotms}} with '''coloraxis='field'''' switched to '''coloraxis='corr''''


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X3c1_wvrtsys.ms',spw='2',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='3840',
plotcal(caltable='self_ap.cal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',
      coloraxis='corr')
        spw='',field='',antenna='1~8',iteration='antenna',
        subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,-1,1],figfile='self_ap_phase.png')
</source>
</source>


To further check, you can exclude PM03 from the plot using '''antenna='!PM03'.
The residuals are very small as expected. (If you see large residuals here, it means that the phase-only solution is suspect, and you were mostly just moving noise around.)  Now look at the amplitude solutions.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X3c1_wvrtsys.ms',spw='2',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='3840',
plotcal(caltable='self_ap.cal',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',
      coloraxis='corr',antenna='!PM03')
        spw='',field='',antenna='1~8',iteration='antenna',
        subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,0.6,1.4],figfile='self_ap_amp.png')
</source>
</source>


Having confirmed the problem antenna, we flag it below.  
For the most part these look very good except one rather large deviation on DV06. Apply both the final phase and the amplitude calibration tables.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
splitdata=['X3c1_wvrtsys.ms','X5d8_wvrtsys.ms','X7ef_wvrtsys.ms']
applycal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',field='',gaintable=['self_2.pcal','self_ap.cal'],calwt=F)
for vis in splitdata:
  flagdata(vis=vis, flagbackup=T,
        spw=['2'],
        antenna=['PM03'],
        correlation=['YY'])
</source>
</source>


'''Next we need to inspect the spectral properties of the data to look for issues.'''
Plot the corrected data as a function of both time and uv-distance. It is always a good idea to check these after an amplitude self-calbration to be sure that it worked properly. Occasionally, a few spurious bits of data will get blown up by the amplitude self-cal if it is not well-constrained.  


First we look at phase as a function of frequency for a well behaved antenna like DV06.  
<figure id="Selfcal_time.png">
'''coloraxis='baselines'''' (note this parameter is called '''Colorize''' in the GUI "Display" tab) will show each baseline as a different color. Significant delay errors or baseline errors will show up as phase slopes in these plots. Again you will want to page through the spectral windows.
[[Image:Selfcal_time.png|thumb|<caption>Post self-calibration amplitude vs. time</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Selfcal_uvdist.png">
[[Image:Selfcal_uvdist.png|thumb|<caption>Post self-calibration amplitude vs. uv-distance</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X3c1_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='phase',field='0',antenna='DV06',
plotms(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='baseline',iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)
      avgchannel='38',ydatacolumn='corrected',coloraxis='spw',
      plotfile='selfcal_time.png')
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
The time where we saw a large amplitude correction on DV06 looks consistent here so the large correction we saw in the solutions corrected a real issue.  
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X5d8_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='phase',field='0',antenna='DV06',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='baseline',iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)
</source>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X7ef_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='phase',field='0',antenna='DV06',
plotms(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',xaxis='uvdist',yaxis='amp',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='baseline',iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)
      avgchannel='38',ydatacolumn='corrected',coloraxis='spw',
      plotfile='selfcal_uvdist.png')
</source>
</source>


Overall these plots look good with no large delays or baseline errors apparent.
You will see that this  plot looks much better than before.


<figure id="Birdies_spw2_X3x1.png">
<figure id="Viewer_apcal.png">
[[Image:Birdies_spw2_X3x1.png|thumb|<caption>Phase calibrators (brown and green) and TW Hya (orange) showing both real CO(3-2) emission in TW Hya and weak ''birdie'' spectral features in all three sources for spw=2.</caption>]]
[[Image:Viewer_apcal.png|thumb|<caption>Clean residuals after final amplitude and phase self-cal.</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>


With such high spectral resolution data, one often sees occasional "birdies" in the data. These are typically very narrow weak spectral features that are internally generated in the system. Over time as we track down issues the number of birdies should decrease, but you should always check. This is easiest to do by looking at amplitude vs. frequency for sources observed over a long time range (for sensitivity). It is helpful to look at more than one source to verify the nature of the emission. Below we look at both calibrators (brown and green) and TW Hya (orange). If you have enough sensitivity birdies should be seen on all sources, however, be careful not to mistake real line emission for a birdie even on a calibrator - they can be present as we've seen for Titan.
Now make the final continuum image.
 
<figure id="Birdies_spw3_X3x1.png">
[[Image:Birdies_spw3_X3x1.png|thumb|<caption>Phase calibrators (brown and green) and TW Hya (orange) showing only weak birdie spectral features in spw=3.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X3c1_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',field='2,3,4',
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall_apcal.*')
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T,yselfscale=T)
clean(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',imagename='TWHydra_contall_apcal',
      mode='mfs',imagermode='csclean',
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],spw='',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,usescratch=False,
      mask='TWHydra_contall_2pcal.mask',
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=10000)
</source>
</source>


Do a quick check that other two datasets are the same (they are usually similar if the source of internal resonance hasn't changed in the meantime).
We know we need to clean at least 300 iterations, so set this in the gui and hit the round green arrow. After this notice how much better the residual looks. Clean another 100 iterations. The "circular pattern", and 4 bright spots at each corner you see now in the residual is likely due to non-closing amplitude errors that cannot be removed with an antenna based self-calibration, so this is as good as it gets with pure self-cal. Hit the Red X to stop clean.
 
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
Clean used 100 iterations to approach a threshhold of 0.00105507
0.0061808 Jy <- cleaned in this cycle for  model 0
Final maximum residual = 0.00242926
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.00238278, -0.00242926 clean flux 1.48201
</pre>
 
Now repeat the display, blinking, and image statistics described above for the 2nd phase only and the new amplitude & phase self-cal'ed images.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X5d8_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',field='2,3,4',
imview(raster=[{'file':'TWHydra_contall_2pcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]},
       avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T,yselfscale=T)
       {'file':'TWHydra_contall_apcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]}])
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
The amplitude and phase self cal'ed image is notably better than phase-only. Quantitatively:
# In CASA
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
plotms(vis='X7ef_wvrtsys.ms',spw='',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',field='2,3,4',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T,yselfscale=T)
</source>


Now you can zoom in on each region to get channels for flagging, or to save time just go ahead and run the flagging command below where this has been done for you.
TWHydra_contall_2pcal.image
        Stokes      Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency
            I          0km/s          TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11
BrightnessUnit      BeamArea          Npts            Sum          Flux
      Jy/beam        33.0039          3542  2.053068e-01  6.220676e-03
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum
  5.796351e-05  3.955967e-03  3.956101e-03  -1.383034e-02  1.078456e-02


<source lang="python">
TWHydra_contall_apcal.image
# In CASA
        Stokes      Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency
splitdata=['X3c1_wvrtsys.ms','X5d8_wvrtsys.ms','X7ef_wvrtsys.ms']
            I          0km/s          TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11
for vis in splitdata:
BrightnessUnit      BeamArea          Npts            Sum          Flux
   flagdata(vis=vis, flagbackup=T,
      Jy/beam        33.0039          3542  6.044652e-04  1.831495e-05
        spw=['0:1067~1068;1279~1280;2367~2368;3775~3776',
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum
              '1:1279~1280;2367~2368;3775~3776',
   1.706565e-07  1.270183e-03  1.270362e-03  -4.980673e-03  4.137159e-03
              '2:1279~1280;3775~3776',
</pre>  
              '3:831~832;1535~1536;2367~2368;3775~3776;3839~3839'])
</source>


Replot in {{plotms}} to check that flagging has been done as anticipated.
and indeed, we've gained another factor of 3 in sensitivity.  


==Flag Calibrator Spectral Features==
'''Overall with this self-calibration we've improved the noise by a factor of 6.7! With a peak flux density of 0.98 Jy, the S/N increased from 115 initially to 770 after. So, well worth the trouble.'''


In this section, we will flag spectral features in the calibrators so they do not skew the calibration solutions. First make plots of 3C279 and Titan in channel space to get channels for flagging.
<div class="noprint" style="float:none; border:0px solid blue;background-color:#F6CEF5;padding:2px;">
If you have used the '''standard='Butler-JPL-Horizons 2012' ''' model during the calibration process, you should see an increase in peak flux density of about 3%.
</div>


<figure id="3C279_Titan_spw1.png">
It is notable that we are still a factor of more than 4 from the apriori noise estimate of 0.3 mJy/beam. This is likely due to residual sources of non-closing (not antenna based) errors in the data like baseline errors and baseline-dependent bandpass errors. Additionally, polarization errors (which we did not calibrate at all) can contribute, as well as imperfect uv-coverage with only 8 antennas. A dynamic range of 770 is actually quite good in the submillimeter.
[[Image:3C279_Titan_spw1.png|thumb|<caption>Spectral plots of 3C279 (black) and Titan (magenta) for spw=1 after Tsys and wvr correction.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="3c279_meso_freq.png">
[[Image:3c279_meso_freq.png|thumb|<caption>Zoomed spectral plot of 3C279 showing mesospheric absorption of CO(3-2) in frequency space.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="3c279_meso_chann.png">
[[Image:3c279_meso_chann.png|thumb|<caption>Zoomed spectral plot of 3C279 showing mesospheric absorption of CO(3-2) in channel space.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
==Apply self-calibration to Full Dataset and Split Line Data==
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
for asdm in basename:
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',field='0,1',
        avgtime='1e8',coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


The figure to the right shows a broad absorption line in spw 1 at channel 3000.  This is the ozone absorption line at 357.62982 GHz. However, there is another narrow absorption feature in the spectra (spw 2) that is most easily seen on 3C279 (because it is the strongest calibrator). Let's look at it first in frequency space.
Now apply the self-calibration derived from the continuum emission to the full unchannel-averaged data.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
applycal(vis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',gaintable=['self_2.pcal','self_ap.cal'],calwt=F)
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='2:1600~2300',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='amp',
        field='0',avgtime='1e8',coloraxis='field')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>


The absorption feature lies exactly at the rest frequency for CO 3-2 (345.79599 GHz).  Because it is so narrow (< 1 MHz), it must originate from a very low pressure region (i.e. high altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere, otherwise it would be more pressure broadened.  Indeed, the first detection of CO in the mesosphere was made over 35 years ago (see, e.g. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...191.1174W Waters et al. 1976] or [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979JGR....84..416G Goldsmith et al. 1979]).  Be aware that the line is stronger as you go up the CO ladder (strength ~ J^3 for low J) because the temperature at that altitude (~50km) is about 250 K. In April 2011, the apparent depth of the feature was about 10% in the 2-1 line and 35% in the 3-2 line. However, the depth of the absorption feature is exaggerated due to the way ALMA normalizes the cross-correlation spectra by the autocorrelation spectra prior to storage.  While this technique generally leads to a flat bandpass shape, it will accentuate telluric features because they are emission lines in the single dish spectrum (e.g. JCMT observations of mesospheric CO 3-2 can be found in [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993MNRAS.264..673P Preston et al. 1993]).  Finally, note that large seasonal variations in the line strength have been reported from observations at [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GeoRL..30j..39F Onsala].
Split off the CO(3-2) spectral line data in spw=2 and the HCO+(4-3) data in spw=0 for further processing.
Now, let's re-plot the line with channel number as the x-axis in order to get the channel range for flagging.  


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2.ms*')
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='2:1600~2300',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',
split(vis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',outputvis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms',datacolumn='corrected',spw='2')
        field='0',avgtime='1e8',coloraxis='field')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>
Now lets look at Titan in more detail.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplus.ms*')
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',field='1',
split(vis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',outputvis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms',datacolumn='corrected',spw='0')
        avgtime='1e8',coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>


Explicitly back up the flag tables so that flagged regions can be restored later.
==Continuum Subtraction==


<source lang="python">
Next we need to subtract the continuum emission from the spectral line data. It is best to do this in the uv-plane. The first step is to make a channel plot of the spectral data to get the line-free channel ranges for both spectral lines. Since the line emission is simple (one spectral line per spw) and there are more than enough line-free channels we do not need to be very precise just stay well away from the line and whenever possible it is best to chose line-free channel ranges on either side of the line for the best possible baseline subtraction.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  flagmanager(vis=asdm+'.ms',mode='save',versionname=asdm+'.before_calspectralflags')
</source>


<figure id="Titan_spw2.png">
<figure id="CO3_2_channel.png">
[[Image:Titan_spw2.png|thumb|<caption>Spectral plot of Titan (magenta) for spw=2.</caption>]]
[[Image:CO3_2_channel.png|thumb|<caption>CO(3-2) line in channel space.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="HCOp4_3_channel.png">
[[Image:HCOp4_3_channel.png|thumb|<caption>HCO+(4-3) in channel space.</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>


Flag absorption features for all sources.
'''Note''': after the split above, the original spw ids will be relabeled as 0 in each file because there is only one spectral window in each file.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
plotms(vis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms',spw='0',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',
  print "Flagging absorption features in all sources for "+asdm
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='spw',plotfile='CO3_2_channel.png')
  flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw=['1:2000~3840','2:1945~1960'])
</source>
</source>


<figure id="Titan_spw3.png">
It is a good idea to stay a little away from the very edges of the baseband which can be noisy. The channel ranges
[[Image:Titan_spw3.png|thumb|<caption>Spectral plot of Titan (magenta) for spw=3.</caption>]]
20~2000 and 2400~3800 look like good choices for CO(3-2).
</figure>


Now we need to flag emission. The very broad CO(3-2) in spw=2 of Titan will prevent us from using it as a calibrator for this spectral window since there are no line-free channels (we will transfer, phase, amplitude, and absolute flux from another Titan spw below). We do want to flag the narrower Titan line in spw=3.
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
plotms(vis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms',spw='0',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',
  flagmanager(vis=asdm+'.ms',mode='save',versionname=asdm+'.before_emissionflags')
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='spw',plotfile='HCOp4_3_channel.png')
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
The channel ranges 20~1500 and 1900~3800 look like good choices for HCO+(4-3).
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  print "Flagging emission for "+asdm
  flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms',
          field=['1'],
          spw=['3:1000~3000'])
</source>


If you like, check that the right things have been flagged.
Next use the identified line-free channel ranges and {{uvcontsub2}} to subtract the continuum model from the line emission.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
uvcontsub2(vis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms',fitorder=1,fitspw='0:20~2000,0:2400~3800')
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',field='0,1',
        avgtime='1e8',coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>
==Set Up the Flux Calibrator Model==
Fill the model data column for Titan with a model for the flux density as a function of baseline. The model is a uniformly illuminated disk with the size obtained from the JPL Horizons ephemeris.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
uvcontsub2(vis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms',fitorder=1,fitspw='0:20~1500,0:1900~3800')
for asdm in basename:
  setjy(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='1',usescratch=F,
        standard='Butler-JPL-Horizons 2010',scalebychan=F)
</source>
</source>


<figure id="Titan amp vs uvdist.png">
Note: If you do not have line-free channels on both sides of the line emission, it is safer to use '''fitorder=0''', or the fit may diverge.
[[Image:Titan amp vs uvdist.png|thumb|<caption>Plot of Titan model for each of the 4 spws.</caption>]]
</figure>


After running setjy, it is a good idea to plot the model in order to confirm that it makes sense.  In this case, Titan is partially resolved, so we expect the flux density to drop with uv distance, but not so much as to pass through a null.  We also expect it to be brighter at higher frequencies since it has a thermal blackbody spectrum.
==Spectral Line Imaging==


<source lang="python">
Now we are ready to make cubes of the line emission. The imaging parameters are similar to the continuum except for
# In CASA
those dealing with the spectral setup: '''mode''', '''start''', '''width''', '''nchan''', '''restfreq''', and '''outframe''' parameters. When making spectral images you have three choices for the '''mode''' parameter: '''channel''', '''velocity''', and '''frequency'''. Data are taken using constant frequency channels. For spectral line analysis it's often more useful to have constant velocity channels, and this is also the best way to make images of multiple lines with the exact same channelization for later comparison. For '''mode='velocity'''', the desired '''start''' and '''width''' also need to be given in velocity units for the desired output frame.
for asdm in basename:
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='1',xaxis='uvdist',yaxis='amp',coloraxis='spw',
        ydatacolumn='model')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


==Bandpass Calibration==
It is important to note that ALMA does not do on-line Doppler Tracking and the native frame of the data is TOPO. If you do not specify '''outframe''' the output cube will also be in TOPO, which is not very useful for spectral line work. The Doppler Shift is taken out during the regridding to the desired outframe in {{clean}} or alternatively it can be done separately by the {{cvel}} task which would need to be run before {{clean}}.


First we need to check how the amplitude and phase of 3C279 behave as a function of time.  In order to set
<figure id="CO3_2_vel.png">
a fixed scale on the y-axis, we first make a plot of all the data, excluding antenna DV04.  (We must specify '''ydatacolumn='data' ''' explicitly here because the default value of '''ydatacolumn''' equals the value used in the previous execution of {{plotms}}.  In the previous execution '''ydatacolumn''' was set to '''model'''.  See the online help, <tt>help plotms</tt>, for details.)
[[Image:CO3_2_vel.png|thumb|<caption>CO(3-2) spectrum in LSRK velocity space.</caption>]]
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
plotms(vis='X3c1_wvrtsys.ms',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',coloraxis='corr',
      field='0',avgchannel='3840',ydatacolumn='data')
</source>
 
<figure id="ThreeScansAmp.png">
[[Image:ThreeScansAmp.png|thumb|<caption>Amplitude variation for three 3C279 scans, spw 0 (for one representative baseline).</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>
 
<figure id="HCOp4_3_vel.png">
We see that the uncalibrated amplitudes range between 0.2-0.4, so let's set this as our
[[Image:HCOp4_3_vel.png|thumb|<caption>HCO+(4-3) spectrum in LSRK velocity space.</caption>]]
scale and examine a representative baseline (DV06-DV07) to see how the amplitude changes with time.
 
<source lang="python">
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
for spw in ['0','1','2','3']:
  for asdm in basename:
    print "Now showing spw %s from %s" % (spw, asdm+'.ms')
    plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw=spw,xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',coloraxis='corr',iteraxis='spw',
          field='0',avgchannel='3840',antenna='DV06&DV07',plotrange=[0,0,0.2,0.4])
    user_check=raw_input('press enter to go to the next plot\n')
</source>
 
<figure id="ThreeScansPhase.png">
[[Image:ThreeScansPhase.png|thumb|<caption>Phase variation for three 3C279 scans, spw 0 (for one representative baseline).</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>


Page through the measurement sets for each spw. This shows significant variations in the amplitude across the three measurement sets.
To see what velocity parameters you want to set in clean it is useful to make a plot in {{plotms}} in the desired output frame. To make it easier to see, we set a '''plotrange''' since we know the LSRK velocity of TW Hya is about 2.88 km/s. Note these plots take a little longer because of the frame shift.
Now do the same with phase.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
plotms(vis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms.contsub',xaxis='velocity',yaxis='amp',
for spw in ['0','1','2','3']:
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,transform=T,freqframe='LSRK',
  for asdm in basename:
      restfreq='345.79599GHz',plotrange=[-20,23,0,0],plotfile='CO3_2_vel.png')
    print "Now showing spw %s from %s" % (spw, asdm+'.ms')
    plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw=spw,xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',coloraxis='corr',iteraxis='spw',
          field='0',avgchannel='3840',antenna='DV06&DV07',plotrange=[0,0,-180,180])
    user_check=raw_input('press enter to go to the next plot\n')
</source>
</source>
This examination reveals two findings: (1) significant variation in the phase across the three scans, as well as (2) smaller but significant variations within a scan. The first finding suggests that we do not want to combine the scans for bandpass calibration, but instead derive an independent bandpass for each scan. Actually what is more important than a DC offset is if the '''shape''' of the amplitude or phase changes from scan to scan. There isn't enough S/N to tell for sure so we will keep them separate. This situation is often the case, which is why we did not concatenate the three datasets prior to calibration. The second finding suggests that we need to correct the phase vs. time behavior of the bandpass calibrator (3C279; field=0) within each scan, before doing the bandpass. We want to chose a relatively narrow range of channels near the center of the spws so that the bandpass phase slopes (to be corrected with the bandpass calibration itself) do not decorrelate the signal. You need to avoid spectral regions that were completely flagged above.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
plotms(vis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms.contsub',xaxis='velocity',yaxis='amp',
for asdm in basename:
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,transform=T,freqframe='LSRK',
  os.system('rm -rf ' + asdm + '.bpphase.gcal')
      restfreq='356.7342GHz',plotrange=[-20,23,0,0],plotfile='HCOp4_3_vel.png')  
  gaincal(vis=asdm+'.ms',caltable=asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
          field='0',spw='0~3:900~1100',refant='DV06',
          calmode='p',solint='int',minsnr=2.0,minblperant=4)
</source>
</source>


<figure id="X7ef_wvrtsys.bpphase.X.png">
From these plots it looks like imaging the cubes from about -5 to +8 km/s will encompass the line, but still provide  several line-free channels on either side so the noise level can be estimated. The channel width is 122 kHz, which at
[[Image:X7ef_wvrtsys.bpphase.X.png|thumb|<caption>Phase only solutions for correlation X on the third scan of the bandpass calibrator 3C279.</caption>]]
345.79599 GHz is 0.106 km/s. Recall that the spectral ''resolution'' is a factor of two poorer. We will use a velocity channel width of 0.12 km/s for a little oversampling, but the spectral resolution remains 0.2 km/s.
</figure>


Inspect the phase-only calibration solutions for the bandpass calibrator. Look for any noisy solutions. We do XX and YY separately to reduce confusion in the plot. It will help if you make your plotcal window wide.
As before, it is very important that you make a clean mask. There are many ways to do this ranging from the complicated to simple. For this example we will make a single clean mask that encompasses the line emission in every channel and apply it to all channels. This is much better than no clean mask, though not quite as good as making an individual mask for each channel. For some sources, one can use the continuum mask to clean the line, however TW Hya is a bit curious in that the continuum emission is not as extended as the line emission (Hughes et al. 2008).


<source lang="python">
=== CO(3-2) Imaging ===
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
for asdm in basename:
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',spw='',antenna='1~8',
          iteration='antenna',subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],
          figfile=asdm+'.bpphase.X.png',poln='X')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
 
In the plotcal gui you can use the magnifying glass symbol to zoom in on one of the scans to see the phase variations. The colors are the 4 different spws.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.*')
for asdm in basename:
clean(vis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms.contsub',imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line',
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',spw='',antenna='1~8',  
      imagermode='csclean',spw='',
          iteration='antenna',subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],
          figfile=asdm+'.bpphase.Y.png',poln='Y')
      mode='velocity',start='-4km/s',width='0.12km/s',nchan=118,
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
      restfreq='345.79599GHz',outframe='LSRK',
  print('quit that window, and')
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
      mask='',usescratch=False,
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=100000)
</source>
</source>


Next we apply this phase-only correction on the fly while calculating the bandpass solutions.
<figure id="Viewer_55.png">
[[Image:Viewer_55.png|thumb|<caption>Interactive Viewer window with CO(3-2) clean mask, before cleaning starts.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="Viewer_500.png">
[[Image:Viewer_500.png|thumb|<caption>Interactive Viewer window for CO(3-2), after 500 iterations, more cleaning is needed.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
It will take a little while to grid the cube, when the interactive viewer opens, use the tapedeck to cycle through the channels. You should see a progress of line emission in channels 40 to 70 or so.
# In CASA
*Go to channel 57 (about line center)
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
*Select the polygon tool with the left mouse button
for asdm in basename:
*Select the "All Channels" toggle in the green area
  os.system('rm -rf ' + asdm + '.bandpass.bcal')
*Draw a polygon around the channel 57 emission, double click inside to activate.
  bandpass(vis=asdm+'.ms',caltable=asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',
*Now go to channel 60, this is the channel with the most extent to the SE, draw another polygon that encompasses this emission if necessary,double click inside to activate.
          field='0',spw='',combine='',refant='DV06',
*Now go to channel 55, this is the channel with the most extent to the NW, draw another polygon that encompasses this emission if necessary,double click inside to activate.
          solint='inf',solnorm=T,minblperant=4,fillgaps=17,
*Now double check the mask by cycling through channels with real line emission to be sure that your clean box encompasses the emission, but does not extend far beyond it. Again the "erase" toggle can come in handy if things go awry or if you want to just delete a small portion of an existing mask (just draw a polygon around what you want to erase and double click inside), be sure to switch back to "add" before going on.
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bpphase.gcal'])
</source>


You will see some error messages in the terminal, these are just related to the flagged channels. We set fillgaps=17 to interpolate across the smaller regions of flagged channels (mesospheric features and birdies).
The figure shows what the final clean box should look like. Now clean using the green circle arrow. You can watch the progress in the logger. When 100 iterations are done, the viewer will show the residual  map for each channel. Cycle through the channels and see whether you are still happy with the clean box in each signal channel. The "erase button" can help you fix mistakes. If necessary adjust. It is often useful to adjust the colorscale with the "plus" symbol icon. Keep going until the residual emission looks like the surrounding noise. If it seems to be going slowly, increase the iterations to 300 for a round or two. I stopped cleaning (Red x) when the logger showed (about 900 iterations).  
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
12.9846 Jy <- cleaned in this cycle for  model 0
Final maximum residual = 0.157312
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.157312, -0.0871295 clean flux 279.304
</pre>


<figure id="Bandpass.ampspw0.png">
NOTE: The residuals are still a bit high in the strongest emission channels after it is well cleaned in the weaker channels. This is an indication that the sensitivity is "dynamic range" limited. In other words even with more
[[Image:Bandpass.ampspw0.png|thumb|<caption>Bandpass amplitude solution plots.</caption>]]
intrinsic sensitivity per integration (i.e. better system temperature), the dynamic range limit would remain the same unless you get more uv-coverage. The fundamental dynamic range limitations of ALMA will be considerably better with 16 antennas in Early Science and MUCH better with the full 50-antenna array.
</figure>
<figure id="Bandpass.phasespw0.png">
[[Image:Bandpass.phasespw0.png|thumb|<caption>Bandpass phase solution plots.</caption>]]
</figure>
 
'''A few words about solint and combine:'''


In {{bandpass}}, the use of '''solint='inf'''' (as in "infinite") will derive a bandpass
=== HCO+(4-3) Imaging ===
solution for each 3C279 scan, '''unless''' '''combine='scan'''' (which is the default). Here we set combine=' ' explicitly so that it does not combine the scans into one bandpass. Likewise, field boundaries are only crossed if combine='field', and spw boundaries are only crossed if combine='spw'.  In some cases it can be helpful to combine fields if you suffer from lack of S/N, but it is never a good idea to combine spws.


Now inspect the phase and amplitude solutions. You are looking for excursions from smooth fits, or particularly noisy solutions compared to the others.  
Now image and clean the HCO+(4-3) line using what you learned above.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.*')
for asdm in basename:
clean(vis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms.contsub',imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline',
    for spw in [0,1,2,3]:
      imagermode='csclean',spw='',
        au.plotbandpass(asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',xaxis='freq',yaxis='amp', spw=spw,
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],
            antenna='1~8', subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bandpass.amp', showatm=T,
      mode='velocity',start='-4km/s',nchan=118,width='0.12km/s',
            interactive=True)
      restfreq='356.7342GHz',outframe='LSRK',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,
      mask='',usescratch=False,
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=100000)
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
I stopped cleaning when:
# In CASA
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
4.79833 Jy <- cleaned in this cycle for model 0
for asdm in basename:
Final maximum residual = 0.0977348
    for spw in [0,1,2,3]:
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.0977348, -0.060484 clean flux 192.066
        au.plotbandpass(asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',xaxis='freq',yaxis='phase',spw=spw,
</pre>
            antenna='1~8',subplot=421,figfile=asdm+'.bandpass.phs', showatm=T,
            interactive=True)
</source>


The values of phase on DV06 are very close to zero because it was used as the reference antenna.
==Image Analysis==


==Gain Calibration==
After all that hard work you now have deconvolved images of the 350 GHz continuum, the CO (3-2) line, and the HCO+ (4-3) line. CASA includes tools to help you understand the contents of these images and make basic scientific measurements. These tools are divided between graphical exploration tools, accessible via the CASA viewer, and command line analysis tasks. To access the viewer, simply type '''viewer()''' and to see the list of analysis tasks available in CASA type '''tasklist''' at the CASA prompt and look under the Analysis sub-heading.


Now that we have a bandpass solution to apply we can solve for the antenna-based phase and amplitude gain calibration. Since the phase changes on a much shorter timescale than the amplitude, we will solve for them separately. In particular, if the phase changes significantly over a scan time, the amplitude would be decorrelated, if the un-corrected phase were averaged over this timescale. Note that we re-solve for the gain solutions of the bandpass calibrator, so we can derive new solutions that are corrected for the bandpass shape. Since the bandpass calibrator will not be used again, this is not strictly necessary, but is useful to check its calibrated flux density for example.
If you want to do this portion of the guide and have downloaded the (.FITS) reference images, you can import them to be CASA images using '''importfits''' like this:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
os.system("rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
for asdm in basename:
importfits(fitsimage="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.fits", imagename="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
  os.system('rm -rf ' + asdm + '.intphase.gcal')
  gaincal(vis=asdm+'.ms',caltable=asdm+'.intphase.gcal',
          field='0,1,3,4',spw='0~3:40~3800',refant='DV06',
          calmode='p',solint='int',minsnr=2.0,minblperant=4,
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal'])
</source>
</source>


Here '''solint='int' ''' coupled with '''calmode='p' ''' will derive a single phase solution for each 10 second integration. Note that the bandpass table is applied on-the-fly before solving for the phase solutions, however the bandpass is NOT applied to the data permanently until applycal is run later on.  
where '''fitsimage''' refers to the file to imported and '''imagename''' gives the output filename. If you are proceeding directly from the imaging step, your data are already CASA images and you may proceed without any importing.


Although '''solint='int' ''' (i.e. the integration time of 10 seconds) is the best choice to apply before solving for the amplitude solutions, it is not a good idea to use this to apply to the target. This is because the phase-scatter within a scan can dominate the interpolation between calibrator scans. Instead, we also solve for the phase on the scan time, '''solint='inf' ''' (but '''combine=' ' ''', since we want one solution per scan) for application to the target later on. Unlike the bandpass task, for {{gaincal}}, the default of the combine parameter is '''combine=' ' '''.
You can get the basic properties of any CASA image using the '''imhead''' command. For example, type


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
imhead("TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
  os.system('rm -rf ' + asdm + '.scanphase.gcal')
  gaincal(vis=asdm+'.ms',caltable=asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',
          field='0,1,3,4',spw='0~3:40~3800',refant='DV06',
          calmode='p',solint='inf',minsnr=2.0,minblperant=4,
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal'])
</source>
</source>


Alternatively, instead of making a separate phase solution for application to the target, one can also run {{smoothcal}} to smooth the solutions derived on the integration time.
and look at the CASA logger. You will see an image summary like the following


Next we apply the bandpass and '''solint='int' ''' phase-only calibration solutions on-the-fly to derive amplitude solutions. Here the use of '''solint='inf' ''', but '''combine=' ' ''' will result in one solution per scan interval.  
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
INFO imhead ##########################################
INFO imhead ##### Begin Task: imhead            #####
INFO imhead imhead(imagename="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image",mode="summary",hdkey="",hdvalue="",
INFO imhead         hdtype="",hdcomment="",verbose=False)
INFO ImageAnalysis  
INFO ImageAnalysis Image name      : TWHydra_CO3_2line.image
INFO ImageAnalysis Object name      : TW Hya
INFO ImageAnalysis Image type      : PagedImage
INFO ImageAnalysis Image quantity  : Intensity
INFO ImageAnalysis Pixel mask(s)    : None
INFO ImageAnalysis Region(s)        : None
INFO ImageAnalysis Image units      : Jy/beam
INFO ImageAnalysis Restoring Beam  : 1.68065 arcsec, 1.53193 arcsec, 22.3015 deg
INFO ImageAnalysis  
INFO ImageAnalysis Direction reference : J2000
INFO ImageAnalysis Spectral  reference : LSRK
INFO ImageAnalysis Velocity  type      : RADIO
INFO ImageAnalysis Rest frequency      : 3.45796e+11 Hz
INFO ImageAnalysis Pointing center    :  11:01:51.844983  -34.42.17.160885
INFO ImageAnalysis Telescope          : ALMA
INFO ImageAnalysis Observer            : Unknown
INFO ImageAnalysis Date observation    : 2011/04/22/00:15:42
INFO ImageAnalysis Telescope position: [2.22514e+06m, -5.44031e+06m, -2.48103e+06m] (ITRF)
INFO ImageAnalysis  
INFO ImageAnalysis Axis Coord Type      Name            Proj Shape Tile  Coord value at pixel      Coord incr Units
INFO ImageAnalysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INFO ImageAnalysis 0    0    Direction Right Ascension  SIN  100  25  11:01:51.845    50.00  -3.000000e-01 arcsec
INFO ImageAnalysis 1    0    Direction Declination      SIN  100  25 -34.42.17.161    50.00    3.000000e-01 arcsec
INFO ImageAnalysis 2    2    Spectral  Frequency              118  59  3.45801e+11    0.00 -1.38414152e+05 Hz
INFO ImageAnalysis                     Velocity                                    -4    0.00    1.200000e-01 km/s
INFO ImageAnalysis 3    1    Stokes    Stokes                    1    1            I
INFO imhead ##### End Task: imhead              #####
INFO imhead ##########################################


<source lang="python">
</pre>
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  os.system('rm -rf ' + asdm + '.amp.gcal')
  gaincal(vis=asdm+'.ms',caltable=asdm+'.amp.gcal',
          field='0,1,3,4',spw='0~3:40~3800',refant='DV06',
          calmode='ap',solint='inf',minsnr=2.0,minblperant=4,
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal'])
</source>


Now carefully inspect all these solutions looking for discrepant solutions. If you see any, you will need to flag them and rerun the calibration tasks above.  
This report tells you about the target, shape, and coordinates of the image. It also notes the rest frequency and some details of the observation. '''imhead''' may be used more generally to retrieve header keywords as python variables or to manipulate the header of an image. Consult the help for details.


We make plots in X and Y separately for clarity. The colors are showing the spectral windows.
<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
<figure id="X3c1_wvrtsys.intphase_X.png">
You may want to pay particular attention to the third and fourth axis of the CASA image. These are
[[Image:X3c1_wvrtsys.intphase_X.png|thumb|<caption>Phase solutions for the X polarization for every integration time of the first dataset.</caption>]]
usually frequency (velocity) and Stokes (polarization) in some order. An occasional source of confusion
</figure>
is that this order is not always the same. Often CLEAN will output images with the Stokes axis third,  
 
while IMPORTFITS usually yields images with the frequency axis third. If you encounter problems with
<source lang="python">
image analysis tasks, you may want to check whether this results from conflicting axis definitions. You
# In CASA
can adjust the order of the axes using the IMTRANS task.
for asdm in basename:
</pre>
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.intphase.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',antenna='1~8',
          spw='',field='0,1,3,4',iteration='antenna',subplot=421,
          plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],poln='X',figfile=asdm+'.intphase_X.png')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.intphase.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',antenna='1~8',  
          spw='',field='0,1,3,4',iteration='antenna',subplot=421,
          plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],poln='Y',figfile=asdm+'.intphase_Y.png')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


<figure id="X3c1_wvrtsys.scanphase_X.png">
Before proceeding, make sure that you have all three data sets as CASA images: '''TWHydra_CO3_2line.image''', '''TWHydra_HCOPlusline.image''', and '''TWHydra_contall_apcal.image'''. If you do not, then import them from the provided reference images via
[[Image:X3c1_wvrtsys.scanphase_X.png|thumb|<caption>Phase solutions for the X polarization for each scan of the first dataset.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system("rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',antenna='1~8',
importfits(fitsimage="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.fits", imagename="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
          spw='',field='0,1,3,4',iteration='antenna',subplot=421,
os.system("rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image")
          plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],poln='X',figfile=asdm+'.scanphase_X.png')
importfits(fitsimage="TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.fits", imagename="TWHydra_HCOplusline.image")
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
os.system("rm -rf TWHydra_contall_apcal.image")
  print('quit that window, and')
importfits(fitsimage="TWHydra_contall_apcal.image.fits", imagename="TWHydra_contall_apcal.image")
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
In the rest of this guide we will construct ''moment maps'' showing the integrates, velocity field, and line width of the two lines. We will carry out Gaussian fits to the continuum and line maps. We will also illustrate some of the additional analysis capabilities available in CASA: subcube extraction, retrieval of data into python arrays, cube alignment, smoothing, and overlays of multiple spectral lines.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',antenna='1~8',
          spw='',field='0,1,3,4',iteration='antenna',subplot=421,
          plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],poln='Y',figfile=asdm+'.scanphase_Y.png')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


Since we have taken out the phase as best we can by applying the '''solint='int' ''' phase-only solution, this plot will give a good idea of the residual phase error. If you see scatter of more than a few degrees here, you should consider going back and looking for more data to flag, particularly bad timeranges etc.
===Moment Maps===


<figure id="X3c1_wvrtsys.amp_phase.png">
The line "images" of CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3) are, of course, cubes rather than images. Two dimensional ''moment maps'' are a standard way to present such data. These are maps showing the result of various moments (or similar calculations) carried out along the frequency axis of the cube. For example, the "moment 0" map is the sum of emission along the frequency axis at each pixel. The first moment is the intensity-weighted velocity (or frequency). The second moment is the intensity-weighted velocity (or frequency) dispersion about the mean. These and a number of other calculations (for example the maximum intensity) can be calculated via the '''immoments''' task. Consult the help or the CASA cookbook for more details.
[[Image:X3c1_wvrtsys.amp_phase.png|thumb|<caption>Residual phase after applying intphase.gcal for both correlations in the first dataset.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="X3c1_wvrtsys.amp_X.png">
[[Image:X3c1_wvrtsys.amp_X.png|thumb|<caption>Amplitude solutions on a scan interval for correlation X in the first dataset.</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
In this section, we will calculate moments for our two spectral line data cubes. To make the highest quality moment maps, we will first identify the planes of the data cube that contain emission, so that we can carry out the sum only over these channels. Doing otherwise adds noise to the moment map without adding signal and so lowers the signal-to-noise ratio of the final image. For the first and second moments we will identify an intensity threshold above which the data are statistically very likely to correspond to real astronomical emission. We will restrict the calculation to consider only data above this threshold, yielding a cleaner calculation (the second moment, in particular, is not at all robust against the inclusion of outlying noise). Finally, we will inspect the resulting moment maps with the viewer and output them to .FITS files.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.amp.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',antenna='1~8',
          spw='',field='0,1,3,4',plotrange=[0,0,-1,1],
          iteration='antenna',subplot=421,figfile=asdm+'.amp_phase.png')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


These are very small, as they should be. Now look at the amplitude solutions.
====Estimate the Spectral Extent====


<source lang="python">
First, we want to figure out what planes appear to contain real emission. Open the CO data cube with the CASA viewer via:
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.amp.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',antenna='1~8',
          iteration='antenna',subplot=421,spw='',poln='X',
          plotrange=[0,0,0.0,0.3],figfile=asdm+'.amp_X.png')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
viewer("TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.amp.gcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',antenna='1~8',
          iteration='antenna',subplot=421,spw='',poln='Y',
          plotrange=[0,0,0.0,0.3],figfile=asdm+'.amp_Y.png')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>


==Flux Calibration==
This will open the CO(3-2) data cube as a raster image. Use the Animator pane to scroll through the cube, noting that the emission is mostly confined to ~40 channels near the center of the cube. There are several ways to make a more rigorous estimate.


Next we use the flux calibrator (whose flux density was set in {{setjy}} above) to derive the flux density of the other calibrators. Note that the flux table REPLACES the amp.gcal in terms of future application of the calibration to the data, i.e. the flux table contains both the amp.gcal and flux scaling. Unlike the gain calibration steps, this is not an incremental table.
''By-Plane Inspection:'' First, you could increase the stretch of the image to identify by hand the first and last channels with visible emission. To do open the Data Display Options panel in the viewer (the wrench icon) and manually set the data range and/or scaling power cycles to highlight faint emission (note that you can also do this using the mouse and the color stretch - sun - icon). I left the scaling power cycles at 0 and set the data range to [-0.5, 0.5]. Then scroll through the cube and note the first and last channels with obvious emission. If I do this, I find emission from about plane 30 through plane 86.
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  os.system('rm -rf ' + asdm + '.flux.cal')
  fluxscale(vis=asdm+'.ms',caltable=asdm+'.amp.gcal',
            fluxtable=asdm+'.flux.cal',reference='1',refspwmap=[0,1,3,3],
            listfile=asdm+'.fluxscale.txt')
</source>


Its a good idea to record the derived fluxscale values using the listfile option. The values can also be viewed in the Log Messages window.
<center>
<gallery widths=250px heights=250px>
File:DataDisplayPanelStretch.png|The Data Display Panel used to set the color stretch, here from [-0.15, 0.15] with a linear (0) stretch. Setting the stretch to a negative value will highlight lower emission (a more logarithmic stretch). We got to this panel by clicking the wrench icon. You can also get from the dropdown menus (Data->Adjust).
File:TWHydraCOChan33.png|Channel 33 of the CO(3-2) cube on this stretch. This is about the first channel to show clear emission.
File:TWHydraCOChan80.png|Channel 80 of the CO(3-2) cube on this stretch. This is about the last channel to show clear emission.
</gallery>
</center>


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
To make this more rigorous, you can work out a noise estimate before hand (we'll find it to be about 0.025 Jy/beam) and overplot a contour to indicate significant emission. You can do this by hand by using the Data Manager (folder icon) to open TWHydra_CO3_2line.image as a "contour map" and then using the Data Display Options to manipulate the contour levels. To show a 3-sigma contour with sigma=0.025 Jy/beam set the Relative Contour Levels to [3], the Base Contour Level to 0, and the Unit Contour Level to 0.025. You can display a 5-sigma contour or change the RMS analogously. Scrolling through the cube, I see 3-sigma emission from channels 33 through 80.
Found reference field(s): Titan
Found transfer field(s):  3c279 J1147-382=QSO J1037-295=QSO
Spw=2 will be referenced to spw=3
Flux density for 3c279 in SpW=0 is: 10.5734 +/- 0.0190156 (SNR = 556.039, N = 16)
Flux density for 3c279 in SpW=1 is: 10.8103 +/- 0.0258999 (SNR = 417.388, N = 16)
Flux density for 3c279 in SpW=2 (ref SpW=3) is: 10.4268 +/- 0.0524249 (SNR = 198.891, N = 14)
Flux density for 3c279 in SpW=3 is: 10.0122 +/- 0.0216329 (SNR = 462.822, N = 16)
Flux density for J1147-382=QSO in SpW=0 is: 1.04139 +/- 0.0167475 (SNR = 62.182, N = 16)
Flux density for J1147-382=QSO in SpW=1 is: 0.838983 +/- 0.0191563 (SNR = 43.7968, N = 16)
Flux density for J1147-382=QSO in SpW=2 (ref SpW=3) is: 1.02209 +/- 0.025659 (SNR = 39.8337, N = 14)
Flux density for J1147-382=QSO in SpW=3 is: 1.299 +/- 0.0199392 (SNR = 65.1484, N = 16)
Flux density for J1037-295=QSO in SpW=0 is: 0.967053 +/- 0.00942059 (SNR = 102.653, N = 16)
Flux density for J1037-295=QSO in SpW=1 is: 0.758689 +/- 0.0157661 (SNR = 48.1215, N = 16)
Flux density for J1037-295=QSO in SpW=2 (ref SpW=3) is: 0.963367 +/- 0.0181981 (SNR = 52.9377, N = 14)
Flux density for J1037-295=QSO in SpW=3 is: 1.23762 +/- 0.0150691 (SNR = 82.1297, N = 16)
</pre>


<figure id="x3c1_wvrtsys.flux_X.png">
<center>
[[Image:x3c1_wvrtsys.flux_X.png|thumb|<caption>Absolute flux calibration solutions for correlation X for the first dataset.</caption>]]
<gallery widths=250px heights=250px>
</figure>
File:DataDisplayPanelContour.png|The Data Display Panel now being used to set the contour levels. We set the contour unit to 0.025 and ask for a single contour at 3 times this value. Notice that we clicked the tab along the top of the window to select the contour map.
File:TWHydraCOChan33Contour.png|Channel 33 of the CO(3-2) cube on this stretch with a 3-sigma contour overlaid.
File:TWHydraCOChan80Contour.png|Channel 80 of the CO(3-2) cube on this stretch with a 3-sigma contour overlaid.
</gallery>
</center>


Now look at the flux solutions.
''Look at a Spectrum:'' You can also look at a spectrum of the source. To do this, scroll to a channel with a lot of emission (I went to 57) and then use the mouse to drag out a rectangle. To do this, left click on the rectangle box in the mouse toolbar (this assigns the left mouse button to define rectangle regions). Then drag out a box around the emission using the same button. Now click the spectrum in the toolbar to open the spectral profile tool. You will see the average profile for the selected region. You can set the bottom axis to show channels. You can zoom in within the spectral profile by dragging out a rectangle. When I do this, I find significant emission from channels 40-80.


<source lang="python">
<center>
# In CASA
<gallery widths=250px heights=250px>
for asdm in basename:
File:TWHydraRectangle.png|Defining a rectangular region around the main emission from TW Hydra. First we clicked the rectangle button on the mouse toolbar, then we held that button and dragged out the purple rectangle. After defining the rectangle, you can drag it around or delete it with <ESC>.
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.flux.cal',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',antenna='1~8',  
File:TWHydraSpectrum.png|The spectrum of this rectangular region viewed in the spectral profile browser. Note that the bottom axis has been set to show channels. To get this spectrum, we defined the rectangular region and then clicked the spectrum button on the toolbar.
          iteration='antenna',subplot=421,spw='',poln='X',
File:TWHydraSpectrumZoom.png|A zoom in on the spectrum. The line extends from channels ~40-80.
          plotrange=[0,0,0.0,0.3],figfile=asdm+'.flux_X.png')
</gallery>
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
</center>
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


<source lang="python">
''Look at a Declination-Frequency Projection (or an R.A.-Frequency Projection):'' This is probably the least reliable way to do this, but illustrates a neat capability of the viewer. Open the Data Display Options (click the wrench icon) and open the "display axes" and "hidden axes" tabs. Use the dropdown menus to change the display so that the x-axis shows Declination, the y-axis shows Frequency, and the z-axis shows "Right Ascension." Now you are scrolling through planes of intensity as a function of Declination and Frequency. Use the animator to move to R.A. plane ~ 50 (the center of the source) and pull the stretch up (in the wrench tool; I used [-0.15,0.15] again). Mouse over the image and look at the "Position Tracking" pane in the bottom of the image, noting the pixel extent of emission in the frequency axis of this plane. I see traces of emission from channel ~30-90.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.flux.cal',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',antenna='1~8',
          iteration='antenna',subplot=421,spw='',poln='Y',
          plotrange=[0,0,0.0,0.3],figfile=asdm+'.flux_Y.png')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


==Apply Calibration and Inspect==
<center>
<gallery widths=250px heights=250px>
File:DataDisplayPanelAxes.png|The Data Display Panel, here used to set which axes are displayed. We have adjusted the y-axis to show frequency and the x-axis to show Declination. The z-axis is now Right Ascension, so that we will scroll through planes of Right Ascension.
File:DataDisplayPanelPixels.png|The Data Display Panel, here we are setting coordinates to show "pixels" rather than world coordinates.
File:TWHydraDecFreqPixels.png|A Frequency-Declination plane of the cube near the central R.A. pixel (50). The rough extent of emission may be simply read off the y-coordinate. As above, we could overplot a 3-sigma contour to add more rigor.
</gallery>
</center>


Now we can use the {{flagmanager}} if we want to restore any of the spectral flagging we did prior to bandpass calibration. 
In this case, we choose to restore the flags of the emission lines on Titan, because we are interested in seeing how
strong they are compared to the continuum.  However, we leave the strong ozone line and mesospheric CO line flagged on all
sources, because we want to get the most accurate continuum flux density for the science target. 


<source lang="python">
You can repeat this exercise for the HCO+ (4-3) emission. Using the Spectral Profile Browser, I find that the line extends from about channel 40 through channel 75.
# In CASA
basename=["X3c1_wvrtsys","X5d8_wvrtsys","X7ef_wvrtsys"]
for asdm in basename:
  flagmanager(vis=asdm+'.ms',mode='restore',versionname=asdm+'.before_emissionflags')
</source>


Next we apply the calibration solutions to each source individually, using the '''gainfield''' parameter to specify which calibrator's solutions should be applied from each of the '''gaintable''' calibration tables.
====Make Moment 0 Maps====


First, we do 3C279 (the bandpass calibrator), applying all 3 of its solutions to itself (that's why gainfield contains three zeros):
With an estimate of the spectral extent of emission, we are now ready to make moment 0 maps of the CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3) lines. We do this using the '''immmoments''' command,


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0')
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='0',
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image',moments=[0],
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
          outfile='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0',
          interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
          chans='30~90')
          gainfield=['0','0','0'], flagbackup=T, calwt=F)
</source>
</source>


Next, we do Titan (the absolute flux calibrator) using the bandpass solution from 3C279:
and


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0')
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='1',
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image',moments=[0],
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
          outfile='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0',
          interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
          chans='40~75')
          gainfield=['0','1','1'], flagbackup=T, calwt=F)
</source>
</source>


For the secondary phase calibrator, we apply the phase and flux solutions from the primary phase calibrator. This will allow us to check how well the phase transfer to the science target (TW Hya) has worked:
immoments will sum across the channels specified by '''chans''' and produce new CASA images with the names specified by '''outfile'''. These can be inspected using the CASA viewer just like any other image. Note that unlike higher-order moments, the moment-0 map is robust to the inclusion of noisy signal-free channels (to within reason, you just decrease your signal-to-noise ratio) and indeed may be biased to miss faint emission by imposing a threshold. For that reason, we will eschew the '''includepix''' keyword as we make the moment 0 maps.


<source lang="python">
Let's look at the output using the viewer. We can specify some of the display options in the call to start the viewer by using '''imview''' instead of '''viewer'''.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='3',
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
          interp=['nearest','linear','linear'],
          gainfield=['0','4','4'], flagbackup=T, calwt=F)
</source>
 
Next is the Primary phase calibrator:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
imview( raster=[ {'file':'TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0',
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='4',
                  'range':[0.0,10.],
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
                  'scaling':-1},
          interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
                {'file':'TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0',
          gainfield=['0','4','4'], flagbackup=T, calwt=F)
                  'range':[0.0,10.],
                  'scaling':-1}],  
        contour={'file':'TWHydra_contall_apcal.image', 'base':0, 'unit':0.0025, 'levels':[3,100]} )
</source>
</source>


Finally, for the Science Target TW Hya, we apply the phase solutions from both the primary and secondary phase calibrators:
This does several things: It opens the viewer with raster images of the moment 0 maps of CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3), sets the range of the color stretch from [0, 10] for each image and sets the scaling to be -1, which highlights faint emission compared to the normal (0) stretch. It also opens the continuum image as a contour and defines two contour levels. Once the viewer is open, you can blink between the images by going into the Animator pane, checking the white box next to "Images" to enable animation between images, and then sliding the bar back and forth. See the name of the image being shown change. You can also show two images side by side by going to the Viewer Canvas Manager (wrench+P icon) and opening the "Number of Panels" tab. Set the "Number of panels in x" to 2 and make sure that the Images box is checked in the Animator pane. You will see both images side by side.


<source lang="python">
<center>
# In CASA
<gallery widths=250px heights=250px>
for asdm in basename:
File:CanvasManagerPanels.png|The Viewer Canvas Manager, accessed via the Wrech+P icon (not to be confused with the plain old wrench). Here we have adjusted the number of x-panels from 1 to 2 so that we show the two moment maps side by side.
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='2',
File:TWHydraMoment0Maps.png|The moment-0 maps of CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3) plotted side by side on the same color stretch, both with the continuum contours overlaid. To get the two images side by side, run the imview call above then set the number of panels to 2 and make sure that the Images box in the Animator Pane (here at the bottom of the window) is checked.
          interp=['nearest','linear','linear'],
File:DataDisplayImview.png|Data Display Panel after our imview call. Imview allowed us to set the stretch, range, and contour levels from the command line.
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
</gallery>
          gainfield=['0','3,4','3,4'], flagbackup=T, calwt=F)
</center>
</source>


Now we can check the results of applying the calibration solutions.
====Estimate the Noise====


<figure id="Corrected_vs_time_1.png">
We have already made a few offhand comparisons to the RMS noise. This quantity is often critical to know when exploring the data. Because the higher-order moments (especially the dispersion) are not at all robust to the inclusion of noise, we will calculate them only from regions of the cube that have intensity several times the RMS noise value or higher and are thus very likely to contain real astronomical emission. To proceed, we need to estimate the RMS noise for our data.
[[Image:Corrected_vs_time_1.png|thumb|<caption>The calibrated data for the first dataset (amplitude vs. time).</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
The easiest way to do this is to calculate the RMS scatter of the data about zero from a part of the data that you suspect to be (mostly) free of astronomical signal. In a data cube the easiest way to do this will often be to identify signal-free planes (channels) of the cube and to simply calculate the RMS in these regions. We can do this straightforwardly using the '''imstat''' command in CASA.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='3840',
        coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw',ydatacolumn='corrected')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


In amplitude, it looks good but there are some noisy points toward the end of the first scheduling block, but it mostly only affects the secondary phase calibrator (green). In phase, we expect all the points to cluster about zero. The large scatter in phase on the secondary phase calibrator is readily apparent:
IMSTAT COMMAND


<figure id="Corrected_phase_vs_time_1.png">
IMSTAT OUTPUT
[[Image:Corrected_phase_vs_time_1.png|thumb|<caption>The calibrated data on the calibrators for the first dataset (phase vs. time).</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
Alternatively, you can get similar statistics on a region of an image or data cube selected manually inside the viewer. Drag out a region, for example a rectangle, using one of the mouse tools. Then
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',field='0,1,3,4',avgchannel='3840',
        coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw',ydatacolumn='corrected')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


Let's check whether the situation improves when we apply this calibrator's solutions to itself rather than transferring the solutions from the primary phase calibrator (which is 17 degrees away, and observed at a different time).
IMAGES OF REGION SELECTION, OUTPUT, REGION MANAGER


<source lang="python">
Suggested values for CO(3-2), HCO+(4-3), and continuum. Short discussion of dynamic range limited vs. line-free channels.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='3',
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
          interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
          gainfield=['0','3','3'],flagbackup=T, calwt=T)
</source>


<figure id="Corrected_vs_time_1_field3.png">
<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
[[Image:Corrected_vs_time_1_field3.png|thumb|<caption>The calibrated data for the first dataset (amplitude vs. time), but now with field 3, the secondary phase calibrator, calibrated with itself.</caption>]]
A note on primary beam corrections and noise.
</figure>
</pre>


<source lang="python">
====Higher Order Moment Maps for CO(3-2)====
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='3840',
        coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw',ydatacolumn='corrected')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


<figure id="Corrected_phase_vs_time_1_field3.png">
For higher order moments it is very important to set a conservative flux
[[Image:Corrected_phase_vs_time_1_field3.png|thumb|<caption>The calibrated data from the first dataset (phase vs. time), but now with field 3, the secondary phase calibrator, calibrated with itself.</caption>]]
threshold. Typically something like 6 sigma, using sigma from peak line channel, works well.
</figure>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom')
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',field='0,1,3,4',
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord')
        avgchannel='3840', coloraxis='field',iteraxis='spw',
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord')
        ydatacolumn='corrected')
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image',moments=[1,2],
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
          outfile='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom',
  print('quit that window, and')
          chans='40~76',includepix=[0.3,100])
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>


Indeed, the secondary calibrator looks better now in amplitude and phase. This is an indication that the calibration transfer is not working well in this timerange. Because the effect is not catastrophic and we know we can self-calibrate on TW Hya later, we will let this go for now. Or, if you want you can delve deeper into the data and try to solve the mystery...
Display all three moment maps in the viewer, overlaid with continuum contours.
 
In any case, we will re-issue the original {{applycal}} so that it is this calibration that our subsequent {{split}} will use.  This will allow us to check the effect of correcting the secondary phase calibrator with the primary phase calibrator later.  


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
imview( raster=[ {'file':'TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0'},
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.ms',field='3',
                {'file':'TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord'},
          gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal', asdm+'.scanphase.gcal', asdm+'.flux.cal'],
                {'file':'TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord'} ],  
          interp=['nearest','linear','linear'],
        contour={'file':'TWHydra_contall_apcal.image', 'base':0, 'unit':0.0025, 'levels':[3,100]} )
          gainfield=['0','4','4'], flagbackup=T, calwt=F)
</source>
</source>


To see all three raster images simultaneously, open the viewer's Panel Display Options (the "P-wrench" icon in the viewer tool bar), click "Number of panels", and change "Number of panels in x" to 3.  Then select the "Blink" toggle (radio button) from the Animator panel.


Let's check the spectral calibration now. First 3C279 and Titan:
<figure id="TWHya_CO3_2_moments.png">
 
[[Image:TWHya_CO3_2_moments.png|center|800px|frame|<caption>ALMA CO(3-2) moment maps,  with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma. From left to right: integrated intensity, intensity weighted velocity field, intensity weighted velocity dispersion are shown.</caption>]]
<figure id="X3c1_spw2_corrected_3.4.png">
[[Image:X3c1_spw2_corrected_3.4.png|thumb|<caption>Spectral UV-plots of 3C279 and Titan of spw=2 for the first dataset.</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>


<source lang="python">
Repeat for HCO+(4-3) which has a bit narrower velocity extent than the CO(3-2), but similar rms noise.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='amp',field='0,1',
        avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='field',ydatacolumn='corrected',
        iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
 
Flip through the spws. These look good. Next the two phase calibrators:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0')
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='amp',field='3,4',
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image',moments=[0],
        avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='field',ydatacolumn='corrected',
          outfile='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0',
        iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)
          chans='43~74')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>
Flip through the spws. This also looks good, the secondary phase calibrator is a bit noisier but this is normal. The upswing at the lower frequency end of spw=3 will probably need to be flagged on the science target as well. It corresponds to the edge of an atmospheric feature.
Now for the exciting part, what does the science target look like...


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom')
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='amp',field='2',
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_coord')
        avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='field',ydatacolumn='corrected',
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord')
        iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image',moments=[1,2],
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
          outfile='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom',
  print('quit that window, and')
          chans='43~74',includepix=[0.3,100])
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>


We see HCO+(4-3) in spw=0 and CO(3-2) in spw=2 as expected. Because the shape of the
Display all three moment maps in the viewer using the same method described above for the CO(3-2) maps.
line profiles varies with baseline, you can already tell that the line emission is resolved.


<figure id="X3c1_CO3_2_uvplot_3.4.png">
<figure id="TWHya_HCOp4_3_moments.png">
[[Image:X3c1_CO3_2_uvplot_3.4.png|thumb|<caption>UV-Plot of the TW Hya CO(3-2) emission from the first dataset.</caption>]]
[[Image:TWHya_HCOp4_3_moments.png|center|800px|frame|<caption>ALMA HCO+(4-3) moment maps,  with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma. From left to right: integrated intensity, intensity weighted velocity field, intensity weighted velocity dispersion are shown.</caption>]]
</figure>
<figure id="X3c1_HCOp4_3_uvplot_3.4.png">
[[Image:X3c1_HCOp4_3_uvplot_3.4.png|thumb|<caption>UV-Plot of the TW Hya HCO+(4-3) emission from the first dataset.</caption>]]
</figure>
</figure>


Now check that the velocity of TWHydra is correct in the LSRK frame, it should be around 2.88 km/s.
=====Exporting Fits Images=====
* CO 3-2  rest freq 345.79599 GHz
* HCO+ 4-3 rest freq 356.7342 GHz


<source lang="python">
If you want to analyze the data using another software package it is easy to convert from CASA format to FITS.
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='2',xaxis='velocity',yaxis='amp',field='2',
        avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,transform=T,freqframe='LSRK',
        restfreq='345.79599GHz', plotrange=[-10,15,0,0],coloraxis='spw')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename:
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.fits')
  plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',spw='0',xaxis='velocity',yaxis='amp',field='2',
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image',fitsimage='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.fits')
        avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,transform=T,freqframe='LSRK',
        restfreq='356.7342GHz',plotrange=[-10,15,0,0],coloraxis='spw')
  print('When you are done with the graphics window,')
  print('quit that window, and')
  user_check=raw_input('press enter to continue script\n')
</source>
</source>


Both lines show up at the expected velocity.
Although "FITS format" is supposed to be a standard, in fact most packages expect slightly different things from a FITS image. If you are having difficulty, try setting '''velocity=T''' and/or '''dropstokes=T'''.
 
 
==Concatenate the Data==
 
Here we will concatenate the three datasets prior to imaging.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
splitdata=['X3c1_wvrtsys.ms','X5d8_wvrtsys.ms','X7ef_wvrtsys.ms']
 
os.system('rm -rf Band7multi_april22.ms')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.fits')
concat(vis=splitdata,concatvis='Band7multi_april22.ms')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image',fitsimage='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.fits')
</source>
</source>
If you like you can run listobs on new combined dataset


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
listfile = 'Band7multi_april22.listobs.txt'
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0.fits')
os.system('rm ' + listfile)
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0',
listobs(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',verbose=F, listfile=listfile)
        fitsimage='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0.fits')
</source>
</source>
<figure id="All_spw2_corrected_3.4.png">
[[Image:All_spw2_corrected_3.4.png|thumb|<caption>Spectral UV-plots of 3C279 and Titan of spw=2 for the combined datasets.</caption>]]
</figure>
You can also examine the spectral uv plots for the combined dataset to see the improvement in S/N:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',spw='',xaxis='frequency',yaxis='amp',field='0,1',
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord.fits')
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='field',ydatacolumn='corrected',
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord',
      iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)
        fitsimage='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord.fits')
</source>
</source>
<figure id="All_CO3_2_uvplot_3.4.png">
[[Image:All_CO3_2_uvplot_3.4.png|thumb|<caption>UV-Plot of the TW Hya CO(3-2) emission from the combined datasets.</caption>]]
</figure>
...and the CO line profile for the combined dataset:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',spw='2',xaxis='velocity',yaxis='amp',field='2',
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord.fits')
        avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,transform=T,freqframe='LSRK',restfreq='345.79599GHz',
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord',
         plotrange=[-10,15,0,0],coloraxis='spw')
         fitsimage='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord.fits')
</source>
</source>
==Split Calibrated Data==
Now we split off the calibrated data for the Science Target as well as the interesting parts of the calibrators for imaging.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_corrected.ms')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0.fits')
split(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',outputvis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0',
      datacolumn='corrected',spw='',field='2')
        fitsimage='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0.fits')
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf J1037_corrected.ms')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_coord.fits')
split(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',outputvis='J1037_corrected.ms',
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_coord',
    datacolumn='corrected',spw='',field='4')
        fitsimage='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_coord.fits')
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf J1147_corrected.ms')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord.fits')
split(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',outputvis='J1147_corrected.ms',
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord',
      datacolumn='corrected',spw='',field='3')
        fitsimage='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord.fits')
</source>
</source>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf 3C279_CO3_2.ms')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall_apcal.image.fits')
split(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',outputvis='3C279_CO3_2.ms',
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_contall_apcal.image',fitsimage='TWHydra_contall_apcal.image.fits')
      datacolumn='corrected',spw='2:1900~2000',field='0')
</source>
</source>


==Optional: Reconcile Titan's Coordinates==
===Display Channel Maps===
 
Using the Viewer you can make channel map figures. Start the Viewer and then open the CO(3-2) cube as a raster image and then the continuum as a contour image. Then we use the "wrench" icon and "P wrench" icons to set up the channel images, contour levels etc. (If you need help setting up the viewer for this image, see a screen shot of the viewer setup windows, below.)


If you do not care to image Titan, then you can skip this step and simply continue on to the [http://casaguides.nrao.edu/index.php?title=TWHydraBand7_Imaging_3.4 imaging guide].
<figure id="TWHya_channel_co3_2.png">
[[Image:TWHya_channel_co3_2.png|center|frame|<caption>Channel maps of the CO(3-2) emission with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma.</caption>]]
</figure>


Our earlier treatment of Titan's coordinates using [http://casa.nrao.edu/stable/docs/TaskRef/fixplanets-task.html fixplanets] replaced the zeros written by the ALMA control system with the correct position of the body at the instant of the first observation of that SB.  As a result, it has slightly different positions in all three datasets, as seen by listobs:
<figure id="Viewer_setup.png">
[[Image:Viewer_setup.png|center|thumb|500px|<caption>The setup windows looked like this</caption>]]
</figure>


<source lang="python">
Repeat for HCO+(4-3)
# In CASA
listobs(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',verbose=F)
</source>


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
<figure id="TWHya_channel_HCOp4_3.png">
ID  Code Name                RA              Decl          Epoch  SrcId nRows 
[[Image:TWHya_channel_HCOp4_3.png|center|thumb|800px|<caption>Channel maps of the HCO+(4-3) emission with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma. The color intensity scale is the same as that used for CO(3-2).</caption>]]
0    none 3c279              12:56:11.16657 -05.47.21.5247 J2000  0    70866 
</figure>
1    none Titan              12:49:25.97588 -02.22.41.3024 J2000  1    4842 
2    none TW Hya              11:01:51.84498 -34.42.17.1609 J2000  2    515151
3   none J1147-382=QSO      11:47:01.38151 -38.12.11.1179 J2000  3     40797 
4    none J1037-295=QSO      10:37:16.08989 -29.34.02.9888 J2000  4    171153
5    none Titan              12:49:26.53729 -02.22.27.1521 J2000  0    4833 
6    none Titan              12:49:26.53059 -02.22.18.7878 J2000  0    4833 
</pre>


If we want to image such moving objects observed across multiple SBs, we need to bring the positions into agreement, otherwise {{clean}} will try to make a mosaic.  Task [http://casa.nrao.edu/stable/docs/TaskRef/fixplanets-task.html fixplanets] can be used to do this.  Here, we set the direction to the direction of the first dataset as reported by listobs.  Note that the RA/Dec format is slightly different from the {{listobs}} output format.  Also, we do not
====Examine CO Contours on an HCO+ Raster====
fix the uvw coordinates because they are already more correct now than they would be if we "fixed" them.


<source lang="python">
====Matched Movies====
# In CASA
fixplanets(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms', field='Titan', direction='J2000 12h49m25.97588 -02d22m41.3024', fixuvw=False)
</source>


Check the header information again to see that the information for Titan has changed for the second
===Image Plane and Spectral Fits===
and third datasets.  They will appear as fields 5 and 6.


<source lang="python">
====Fit a Gaussian to the Continuum====
# In CASA
listobs(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',verbose=F)
</source>


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
=====Fit In the Viewer=====
  ID  Code Name        RA            Decl          Epoch  SrcId
  0    none 3c279              12:56:11.16657 -05.47.21.5247 J2000  0    70866 
  1    none Titan              12:49:25.97588 -02.22.41.3024 J2000  1    4842 
  2    none TW Hya              11:01:51.84498 -34.42.17.1609 J2000  2    515151
  3    none J1147-382=QSO      11:47:01.38151 -38.12.11.1179 J2000  3    40797 
  4    none J1037-295=QSO      10:37:16.08989 -29.34.02.9888 J2000  4    171153
  5    none Titan              12:49:25.97588 -02.22.41.3024 J2000  0    4833 
  6    none Titan              12:49:25.97588 -02.22.41.3024 J2000  0    4833 
</pre>


==Optional: Split Calibrated Titan Data==
=====Fit Using the Command Line=====


When we {{split}} off the Titan data, a few dozen warnings like the following are written to the log:
====Fit a Gaussian to the CO Line====
<pre>
2012-05-15 22:00:35    WARN    split::SubMS::copySource()      Invalid SOURCE ID in SOURCE table row 20
</pre>
These can be ignored, because they do not indicate any problem that will prevent you from imaging Titan correctly at a single position using all the data in the output ms.


<source lang="python">
=====Fit In the Viewer=====
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf Titan_cont.ms')
split(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',outputvis='Titan_cont.ms',
      datacolumn='corrected',spw='0',field='1')
</source>


<source lang="python">
=====Fit Using the Command Line=====
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf Titan_CO3_2.ms')
split(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',outputvis='Titan_CO3_2.ms',
      datacolumn='corrected',spw='2',field='1')
</source>


<source lang="python">
===Extract a Sub-Image===
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf Titan_unknown.ms')
split(vis='Band7multi_april22.ms',outputvis='Titan_unknown.ms',
      datacolumn='corrected',spw='3',field='1')
</source>


==Continue on to Imaging of the Science Target==
===Align Image Cubes===


Now you can continue on to the [http://casaguides.nrao.edu/index.php?title=TWHydraBand7_Imaging_3.4 imaging guide].
{{Checked 4.0.0}}

Latest revision as of 13:49, 19 December 2012


  • This tutorial picks up where TWHydraBand7_Calibration_4.0 leaves off, with fully calibrated, split science target MS. If you wish to skip the Calibration guide: obtain the calibrated data from TWHydraBand7#Getting_the_Data; extract it using tar -xzvf FILENAME; and cd into the extracted directory.

Confirm your version of CASA

This guide has been written for CASA release 4.0. Please confirm your version before proceeding.

# In CASA
version = casadef.casa_version
print "You are using " + version
if (version < '4.0.0'):
    print "YOUR VERSION OF CASA IS TOO OLD FOR THIS GUIDE."
    print "PLEASE UPDATE IT BEFORE PROCEEDING."
else:
    print "Your version of CASA is appropriate for this guide."

Prepare Continuum Data for Further Processing

In order to speed up imaging/self-calibration for the continuum data we will average channels together, and then flag the few spectral features. This method works well in the case of only a few spectral lines, while retaining enough channelization to aid in multi-frequency synthesis and being able to remove spectral features in the averaged data. The amount of channel averaging should be adjusted to your particular data. Note for wide bandwidth data it is never a good idea to use the continuum estimate generated by uv-continuum subtraction as your continuum data. This worked OK in the past with the narrow band systems like the VLA and low dynamic range instruments like the SMA, but is not advised for ALMA wide bandwidth, high dynamic range data.

<figure id="Cont_spw2.png">

CO(3-2) in spw=2 from the "continuum" channel averaged data.

</figure> <figure id="Cont_spw3.png">

Notice upswing at high channel numbers in spw=3.

</figure>

One can also flag the spectral features first but in that case make a backup of the file that is analogous to TWHydra_corrected.ms as you will need it later (unflagged) for spectral line imaging. We begin by excluding ~20 channels on each edge, and averaging over 100 channel intervals:

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_cont.ms*')
split(vis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',outputvis='TWHydra_cont.ms',
       spw='0~3:21~3820',width=100,datacolumn='data')

Now make a plot of amplitude vs. channel to see what needs to be flagged

# In CASA
plotms(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',spw='0~3',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='spw',iteraxis='spw',xselfscale=T)

The CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3) lines are obvious. The 4th spw; spw=3 also shows an upswing on the highest channels that is problematic, it was seen on the calibrators too and is likely due to a weak atmospheric feature, we will flag the worst of it.

<figure id="Cont_uvplot.png">

UV-plot of the continuum emission, colors show spws.

</figure>

# In CASA
flagdata(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms', mode='manual', 
         spw='0:16~16, 2:21~21, 3:33~37')

Have a look at the continuum as a function of uv-distance (in the plot to the right, the 4 spw are shown in different colors on top of each other). If the data are flat as a function of uv-distance, the source is completely unresolved. If instead you see structure (in this case decreasing amplitude with uv-distance), the source is resolved.

# In CASA
plotms(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',spw='',xaxis='uvdist',yaxis='amp',field='',avgchannel='38',
       coloraxis='spw',plotfile='cont_uvplot.png')

Notice that the spw do not have the same amplitude. Unfortunately, the red spw (highest frequency) should be higher than the green one (lowest frequency) because optically thin dust goes as nu^4, and optically thick as nu^2. This inconsistency is due to imperfect amplitude/absolute flux calibration. The self-calibration below will bring them into agreement with each other, but this is the sort of thing that results in considerable absolute flux uncertainty at submillimeter wavelengths. We are working on how to do this better.

A priori Noise Estimates

<figure id="Corrected_time.png">

Plot for estimating time.

</figure> <figure id="sensitivity_cont.png">

Sensitivity calculator setup with observed continuum parameters for these observations.

</figure>

To estimate what the expected noise levels are, we first need to know how much time we had on source. Looking at a plot of amplitude vs time for the concatenated but pre-split data (see below) there are 9x8min scans + 6x6min scans + 3x1min + 2x2min scans for about 1.9 hours on source. There are 2 polarizations and about 1.75 GHz of total continuum bandwidth taking into account flagging.

Using this information and https://almascience.nrao.edu/call-for-proposals/sensitivity-calculator, we find that the expected rms noise for the continuum is about 0.3 mJy/beam.

For the spectral line data, which we will image below, with 0.12 km/s channels (needs to be entered in the field bandwidth per polarization), the expected rms noise for the spectral lines is about 32 mJy/beam.

Image and Self-Calibrate the Continuum

Create Initial Clean Image

First we will make an initial image using clean, this task will both deconvolve and clean.

If you are unfamiliar with the basic concepts of deconvolution and clean,
pause here and review for example
http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/events/synthesis/2010/lectures/wilner_synthesis10.pdf

In clean, we use mode='mfs' to do multifrequency synthesis, in other words grid each uv-channel independently. Since the uv-spacing is a function of frequency, this will actually achieve greater uv-coverage than if all the channels and spws had been averaged in advance. The imsize=100 and cellsize=['0.3arcsec'] were chosen to be appropriate for the Band and antenna configuration. At ALMA Band 7, the Full Width Half Power primary beam is about 20", so we want to make our image at least this big. We've made it a bit larger out to about the 25% power point. For the configuration used to take these data, the resolution is expected to be about 1.5" and it is a good idea to oversample the beam by setting the cell size to be a factor of 4 or 5 smaller than the beam (we have used 5 here).

For doing self-calibration it is essential that only "real" signal be included in the image model, thus it is important to make a clean mask, and clean the first iteration rather conservatively (shallowly) so that you are sure that you do not have clean components in your model that do not represent real source emission. In the example below we set interactive=T so you can interactively make the clean mask and stop clean when the signal from the source starts to approach the surrounding "noise" areas in the residual map.

NOTE: Real emission will not go away if you do not put a clean box on it. Conversely if you put a clean box on something that is NOT real and clean deeply you can amplify that feature. Thus, its best to be conservative and build up your clean box as you go, you can generally see fainter "real" features in the residuals.

NOTE: If you start an interactive clean, and then do not make a mask, clean will stop when you tell it to go on because it has nothing to clean. There is no default mask.

<figure id="Viewer_clean1.png">

Interactive viewer.

</figure>

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall.*')
clean(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',imagename='TWHydra_contall',
      mode='mfs', imagermode='csclean',
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],spw='',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5, 
      mask='',usescratch=False,
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=10000)

NOTE:clean will generate several files automatically with the imagename prepended:

  • <imagename>.image # the final restored image
  • <imagename>.flux # the effective primary beam response (e.g. for pbcor)
  • <imagename>.flux.pbcoverage # the primary beam coverage (ftmachine=’mosaic’ only)
  • <imagename>.model # the model image
  • <imagename>.residual # the residual image
  • <imagename>.psf # the synthesized (dirty) beam

Once the Clean Viewer opens, click on the polygon tool with your left mouse button, and draw a polygon around the continuum emission with the left mouse button. Double click inside the region with the left mouse button when you are happy with it. It will turn from green to white when the clean mask is accepted. To continue with clean use the "Next action" buttons in the green area on the Viewer Display GUI.

The red X will stop clean where you are, the blue arrow will stop 
the interactive part of clean, but continue to clean non-interactively 
until reaching the number of iterations requested (niter) or the flux 
density threshold (whichever comes first), and the green circle arrow 
will clean until it reaches the "iterations" parameter on the left side 
of the green area.  

You should chose the green circle arrow. It will clean 100 iterations (number under iteration in the green area on the Viewer GUI) and then show the residual image again. The middle mouse button is automatically assigned to the "plus" icon, which adjusts the colorscale. If you cannot easily access multiple mouse buttons, you can always assign your one mouse button the icon you want by clicking on it. Adjust the color scale so you can see the structure in the noise better. Also, note that the logger is telling you the amount of clean flux recovered so far, the min/max residuals, and the synthesized beam:

Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.0203454, 0.00267232 clean flux 1.30124
Threshhold not reached yet.
Beam used in restoration: 1.6962 by 1.54549 (arcsec) at pa 28.9043 (deg) 

Already with only 100 iterations, the residuals outside the clean mask are larger than that inside. So we will stop here by hitting the Red X symbol.

1st Round of Continuum Data Phase Self-calibration

Next we can use the clean model to self-calibrate the uv-data. The process of self-calibration tries to adjust the data to better match the model you give it. That is why it is important to make the model as good as you can. clean places a uv-model of the resulting image in the file TWHydra_cont.model. This model can then be used to self-calibrate the data using gaincal. We use gaintype='T' to tell it to average the polarizations before deriving solutions (which gains us a sqrt(2) in sensitivity). A critical parameter to play with is solint; we use solint=30s. From listobs the integration time of these data is about 10 seconds, so using solint=30s then gains us a sqrt(3) in sensitivity. It is often best to start with a larger solint and then work your way down to the integration time if the S/N of the data permits. For the same reasons as described in the TWHydraBand7_Calibration_4.0 tutorial we want to fix up the phases before tackling amplitude by setting calmode='p'.

# In CASA
gaincal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',caltable='self_1.pcal',
        solint='30s',combine='',gaintype='T',
        refant='DV06',spw='',minblperant=4,
        calmode='p',minsnr=2)

<figure id="Self_1_phase.png">

Phase solutions from self_1.pcal with solint=30s.

</figure>

Because combine=' ', we are getting independent solutions for each spw. If you are desperate for S/N, you can try combining them with combine='spw'. We have plenty of S/N in these data so we keep them separate. Look at the solutions.

# In CASA
plotcal(caltable='self_1.pcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',
        spw='',field='',antenna='1~8',iteration='antenna',
        subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,-80,80],figfile='self_1_phase.png')

The magnitude of corrections gives you a sense of how accurate the phase transfer from the calibrators was. You are checking to see that the phases are being well tracked by the solutions, i.e. smoothly varying functions of time within a given scan. Also the solutions for each spw are lying basically on top of each other which indicates that the spw to spw phase offsets are well calibrated already. Overall, these solutions look quite good. If they didn't you could try increasing the solint and/or combining the spw into a single solution.

After checking that you are happy with the solutions, apply them with applycal

# In CASA
applycal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',field='',gaintable=['self_1.pcal'],calwt=F)

<figure id="Viewer_pcal1.png">

Clean residuals after 100 iterations and the 1st phase only self-cal. Residuals inside mask are higher than the "noise" outside.

</figure>

Next clean the source again, to save time we can start with the clean mask from the last iteration. If you make interactive adjustments to the clean mask, they will be written to the new mask TWHydra_contall_1pcal.mask, and not the old one.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall_1pcal.*')
clean(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',imagename='TWHydra_contall_1pcal',
      mode='mfs',imagermode='csclean',
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],spw='',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5, 
      mask='TWHydra_contall.mask',usescratch=False,
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=10000)

Now after the first 100 iterations you see that the residuals inside the clean mask are higher than those outside. This is because flux that had been spread out in the map due to poorly correlated phases has been placed where it belongs on the source, thereby increasing its flux. You may also notice that your original clean mask is a little too small. If so, you can make it a bit larger, just by drawing a new polygon around the area you want to include. When you double click, it will incorporate the new mask into the current mask (if your box goes awry you can use the erase toggle [radio button] to erase and redo the mask). The new mask area need not overlap the original mask (though for this source it probably will). You might also want to use the magnifying glass to zoom in. Again, you assign mouse buttons by clicking on the icon you want. Clean another 100 iterations (for a total of 200) and stop by clicking the red X.

Now open initial and 1st self-cal images to compare them using imview. This is an alternative version of the viewer that is somewhat scriptable.

# In CASA
imview(raster=[{'file':'TWHydra_contall.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]},
       {'file':'TWHydra_contall_1pcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]}])

Once the Viewer Display panel opens, click on the box next in the "Images" panel and then use the tapedeck buttons in the panel to alternate between the two images. Because the range was explicitly set, they are on the same color scale. It is obvious that the self-calibrated image is better. To quantify, 1st toggle back to "normal" and then draw a region that excludes the central source with the polygon tool and then double click inside (if you stay in the "Images" view, only the statistics for the last image opened will appear on the terminal instead of both). The basic statistics of the polygon region will print to the terminal:

TWHydra_contall.image
        Stokes       Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency 
             I          0km/s           TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11 
BrightnessUnit       BeamArea           Npts            Sum           Flux 
       Jy/beam        33.0039           2357  -9.434800e-01  -2.858690e-02 
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum 
 -4.002885e-04   7.906752e-03   7.898289e-03  -2.541723e-02   2.172779e-02 

TWHydra_contall_1pcal.image
        Stokes       Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency 
             I          0km/s           TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11 
BrightnessUnit       BeamArea           Npts            Sum           Flux 
       Jy/beam        33.0039           2357   6.326584e-01   1.916918e-02 
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum 
  2.684168e-04   3.655786e-03   3.646692e-03  -1.215155e-02   1.109403e-02 

The self-calibrated image has more than a factor of 2 lower rms noise!

2nd Round of Continuum Data Phase Self-calibration

Now that we have a better model, we solve for solutions again. This time we will try making the solint smaller -- the integration time is about 10 seconds, so we set solint='int' to have it use the integration time.

<figure id="Self_2_phase.png">

Phase solutions from self_2.pcal with solint='int'.

</figure>

# In CASA
gaincal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',caltable='self_2.pcal',
        solint='int',combine='',gaintype='T',
        refant='DV06',spw='',minblperant=4,
        calmode='p',minsnr=2)

Now plot the new solutions.

# In CASA
plotcal(caltable='self_2.pcal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',
        spw='',field='',antenna='1~8',iteration='antenna',
        subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,-80,80],figfile='self_2_phase.png')

The phases on this shorter solint still seem to be tracking well so we will apply it and make a new image and check to see if there is improvement.

# In CASA
applycal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',field='',gaintable=['self_2.pcal'],calwt=F)

<figure id="Viewer_pcal2.png">

Clean residuals after 2nd phase only self-cal and 250 iterations. The residuals inside the clean mask are lower than those outside, so its time to stop.

</figure>

Now clean again, updating mask with the most recent mask file.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall_2pcal.*')
clean(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',imagename='TWHydra_contall_2pcal',
      mode='mfs',imagermode='csclean',
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],spw='',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,usescratch=False,
      mask='TWHydra_contall_1pcal.mask',
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=10000)

After 200 iterations

Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.00489776, -0.00464541 clean flux 1.44461

It looks like it could use just a little more cleaning, so set iterations=50 in the GUI.

Clean used 50 iterations to approach a threshhold of 0.0015067
0.0107122 Jy <- cleaned in this cycle for  model 0 (Total flux : 1.45532Jy)
Final maximum residual = 0.00326382
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.00326382, -0.00321361 clean flux 1.45532

The small amount of flux cleaned this cycle indicates that clean is converging and it's about time to stop. Also the residuals inside the clean mask are now smaller than the residuals outside (i.e. the noise) also indicating it's time to stop by hitting the red X on the GUI.

Now repeat the display, blinking, and image statistics steps described above for the 1st and 2nd phase-only self-cal iterations.

# In CASA
imview(raster=[{'file':'TWHydra_contall_1pcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]},
       {'file':'TWHydra_contall_2pcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]}])

The difference is small:

        Stokes       Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency 
             I          0km/s           TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11 
BrightnessUnit       BeamArea           Npts            Sum           Flux 
       Jy/beam        33.0039           2466   4.611597e-02   1.397287e-03 
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum 
  1.870072e-05   3.831524e-03   3.832255e-03  -1.414417e-02   1.109403e-02 

TWHydra_contall_2pcal.image
        Stokes       Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency 
             I          0km/s           TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11 
BrightnessUnit       BeamArea           Npts            Sum           Flux 
       Jy/beam        33.0039           2466   1.159416e-01   3.512963e-03 
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum 
  4.701606e-05   3.811716e-03   3.812199e-03  -1.383034e-02   1.078456e-02 

This small improvement suggests that we have gone as far as we can with phase self-cal.

Continuum Data Amplitude Self-Calibration

Now we will apply the best phase solution table on-the-fly while solving for the amplitude self-cal solutions. Since amplitude changes more slowly and is less constrained than phase, we use a longer solint='inf', as long as combine=' ' this means to do one solution per scan.

# In CASA
gaincal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',caltable='self_ap.cal',
        solint='inf',combine='',gaintype='T',
        refant='DV06',spw='',minblperant=4,
        gaintable=['self_2.pcal'],
        calmode='ap',minsnr=2)

It's useful to look at the residual phase in the amplitude calibration table, i.e. since we applied our best phase-only solution while solving for this new amplitude and phase (calmode='ap') solution, the phase should already be corrected.

<figure id="Self_ap_phase.png">

Residual phase solutions from self_ap.cal.

</figure> <figure id="Self_ap_amp.png">

Amplitude solutions from self_ap.cal.

</figure>

# In CASA
plotcal(caltable='self_ap.cal',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',
        spw='',field='',antenna='1~8',iteration='antenna',
        subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,-1,1],figfile='self_ap_phase.png')

The residuals are very small as expected. (If you see large residuals here, it means that the phase-only solution is suspect, and you were mostly just moving noise around.) Now look at the amplitude solutions.

# In CASA
plotcal(caltable='self_ap.cal',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',
        spw='',field='',antenna='1~8',iteration='antenna',
        subplot=421,plotrange=[0,0,0.6,1.4],figfile='self_ap_amp.png')

For the most part these look very good except one rather large deviation on DV06. Apply both the final phase and the amplitude calibration tables.

# In CASA
applycal(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',field='',gaintable=['self_2.pcal','self_ap.cal'],calwt=F)

Plot the corrected data as a function of both time and uv-distance. It is always a good idea to check these after an amplitude self-calbration to be sure that it worked properly. Occasionally, a few spurious bits of data will get blown up by the amplitude self-cal if it is not well-constrained.

<figure id="Selfcal_time.png">

Post self-calibration amplitude vs. time

</figure> <figure id="Selfcal_uvdist.png">

Post self-calibration amplitude vs. uv-distance

</figure>

# In CASA
plotms(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',
       avgchannel='38',ydatacolumn='corrected',coloraxis='spw',
       plotfile='selfcal_time.png')

The time where we saw a large amplitude correction on DV06 looks consistent here so the large correction we saw in the solutions corrected a real issue.

# In CASA
plotms(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',xaxis='uvdist',yaxis='amp',
       avgchannel='38',ydatacolumn='corrected',coloraxis='spw',
       plotfile='selfcal_uvdist.png')

You will see that this plot looks much better than before.

<figure id="Viewer_apcal.png">

Clean residuals after final amplitude and phase self-cal.

</figure>

Now make the final continuum image.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall_apcal.*')
clean(vis='TWHydra_cont.ms',imagename='TWHydra_contall_apcal',
      mode='mfs',imagermode='csclean',
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],spw='',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,usescratch=False,
      mask='TWHydra_contall_2pcal.mask',
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=10000)

We know we need to clean at least 300 iterations, so set this in the gui and hit the round green arrow. After this notice how much better the residual looks. Clean another 100 iterations. The "circular pattern", and 4 bright spots at each corner you see now in the residual is likely due to non-closing amplitude errors that cannot be removed with an antenna based self-calibration, so this is as good as it gets with pure self-cal. Hit the Red X to stop clean.

Clean used 100 iterations to approach a threshhold of 0.00105507
0.0061808 Jy <- cleaned in this cycle for  model 0
Final maximum residual = 0.00242926
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.00238278, -0.00242926 clean flux 1.48201

Now repeat the display, blinking, and image statistics described above for the 2nd phase only and the new amplitude & phase self-cal'ed images.

# In CASA
imview(raster=[{'file':'TWHydra_contall_2pcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]},
       {'file':'TWHydra_contall_apcal.image','range':[-0.01,0.05]}])

The amplitude and phase self cal'ed image is notably better than phase-only. Quantitatively:


TWHydra_contall_2pcal.image
        Stokes       Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency 
             I          0km/s           TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11 
BrightnessUnit       BeamArea           Npts            Sum           Flux 
       Jy/beam        33.0039           3542   2.053068e-01   6.220676e-03 
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum 
  5.796351e-05   3.955967e-03   3.956101e-03  -1.383034e-02   1.078456e-02 

TWHydra_contall_apcal.image
        Stokes       Velocity          Frame        Doppler      Frequency 
             I          0km/s           TOPO          RADIO    3.50845e+11 
BrightnessUnit       BeamArea           Npts            Sum           Flux 
       Jy/beam        33.0039           3542   6.044652e-04   1.831495e-05 
          Mean            Rms        Std dev        Minimum        Maximum 
  1.706565e-07   1.270183e-03   1.270362e-03  -4.980673e-03   4.137159e-03 

and indeed, we've gained another factor of 3 in sensitivity.

Overall with this self-calibration we've improved the noise by a factor of 6.7! With a peak flux density of 0.98 Jy, the S/N increased from 115 initially to 770 after. So, well worth the trouble.

If you have used the standard='Butler-JPL-Horizons 2012' model during the calibration process, you should see an increase in peak flux density of about 3%.

It is notable that we are still a factor of more than 4 from the apriori noise estimate of 0.3 mJy/beam. This is likely due to residual sources of non-closing (not antenna based) errors in the data like baseline errors and baseline-dependent bandpass errors. Additionally, polarization errors (which we did not calibrate at all) can contribute, as well as imperfect uv-coverage with only 8 antennas. A dynamic range of 770 is actually quite good in the submillimeter.

Apply self-calibration to Full Dataset and Split Line Data

Now apply the self-calibration derived from the continuum emission to the full unchannel-averaged data.

# In CASA
applycal(vis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',gaintable=['self_2.pcal','self_ap.cal'],calwt=F)

Split off the CO(3-2) spectral line data in spw=2 and the HCO+(4-3) data in spw=0 for further processing.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2.ms*')
split(vis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',outputvis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms',datacolumn='corrected',spw='2')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplus.ms*')
split(vis='TWHydra_corrected.ms',outputvis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms',datacolumn='corrected',spw='0')

Continuum Subtraction

Next we need to subtract the continuum emission from the spectral line data. It is best to do this in the uv-plane. The first step is to make a channel plot of the spectral data to get the line-free channel ranges for both spectral lines. Since the line emission is simple (one spectral line per spw) and there are more than enough line-free channels we do not need to be very precise just stay well away from the line and whenever possible it is best to chose line-free channel ranges on either side of the line for the best possible baseline subtraction.

<figure id="CO3_2_channel.png">

CO(3-2) line in channel space.

</figure> <figure id="HCOp4_3_channel.png">

HCO+(4-3) in channel space.

</figure>

Note: after the split above, the original spw ids will be relabeled as 0 in each file because there is only one spectral window in each file.

# In CASA
plotms(vis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms',spw='0',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='spw',plotfile='CO3_2_channel.png')

It is a good idea to stay a little away from the very edges of the baseband which can be noisy. The channel ranges 20~2000 and 2400~3800 look like good choices for CO(3-2).

# In CASA
plotms(vis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms',spw='0',xaxis='channel',yaxis='amp',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,coloraxis='spw',plotfile='HCOp4_3_channel.png')

The channel ranges 20~1500 and 1900~3800 look like good choices for HCO+(4-3).

Next use the identified line-free channel ranges and uvcontsub2 to subtract the continuum model from the line emission.

# In CASA
uvcontsub2(vis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms',fitorder=1,fitspw='0:20~2000,0:2400~3800')
# In CASA
uvcontsub2(vis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms',fitorder=1,fitspw='0:20~1500,0:1900~3800')

Note: If you do not have line-free channels on both sides of the line emission, it is safer to use fitorder=0, or the fit may diverge.

Spectral Line Imaging

Now we are ready to make cubes of the line emission. The imaging parameters are similar to the continuum except for those dealing with the spectral setup: mode, start, width, nchan, restfreq, and outframe parameters. When making spectral images you have three choices for the mode parameter: channel, velocity, and frequency. Data are taken using constant frequency channels. For spectral line analysis it's often more useful to have constant velocity channels, and this is also the best way to make images of multiple lines with the exact same channelization for later comparison. For mode='velocity', the desired start and width also need to be given in velocity units for the desired output frame.

It is important to note that ALMA does not do on-line Doppler Tracking and the native frame of the data is TOPO. If you do not specify outframe the output cube will also be in TOPO, which is not very useful for spectral line work. The Doppler Shift is taken out during the regridding to the desired outframe in clean or alternatively it can be done separately by the cvel task which would need to be run before clean.

<figure id="CO3_2_vel.png">

CO(3-2) spectrum in LSRK velocity space.

</figure> <figure id="HCOp4_3_vel.png">

HCO+(4-3) spectrum in LSRK velocity space.

</figure>

To see what velocity parameters you want to set in clean it is useful to make a plot in plotms in the desired output frame. To make it easier to see, we set a plotrange since we know the LSRK velocity of TW Hya is about 2.88 km/s. Note these plots take a little longer because of the frame shift.

# In CASA
plotms(vis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms.contsub',xaxis='velocity',yaxis='amp',
       avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,transform=T,freqframe='LSRK',
       restfreq='345.79599GHz',plotrange=[-20,23,0,0],plotfile='CO3_2_vel.png')
# In CASA
plotms(vis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms.contsub',xaxis='velocity',yaxis='amp',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,transform=T,freqframe='LSRK',
      restfreq='356.7342GHz',plotrange=[-20,23,0,0],plotfile='HCOp4_3_vel.png')

From these plots it looks like imaging the cubes from about -5 to +8 km/s will encompass the line, but still provide several line-free channels on either side so the noise level can be estimated. The channel width is 122 kHz, which at 345.79599 GHz is 0.106 km/s. Recall that the spectral resolution is a factor of two poorer. We will use a velocity channel width of 0.12 km/s for a little oversampling, but the spectral resolution remains 0.2 km/s.

As before, it is very important that you make a clean mask. There are many ways to do this ranging from the complicated to simple. For this example we will make a single clean mask that encompasses the line emission in every channel and apply it to all channels. This is much better than no clean mask, though not quite as good as making an individual mask for each channel. For some sources, one can use the continuum mask to clean the line, however TW Hya is a bit curious in that the continuum emission is not as extended as the line emission (Hughes et al. 2008).

CO(3-2) Imaging

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.*')
clean(vis='TWHydra_CO3_2.ms.contsub',imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line',
      imagermode='csclean',spw='',
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],
      mode='velocity',start='-4km/s',width='0.12km/s',nchan=118,
      restfreq='345.79599GHz',outframe='LSRK',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,
      mask='',usescratch=False,
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=100000)

<figure id="Viewer_55.png">

Interactive Viewer window with CO(3-2) clean mask, before cleaning starts.

</figure> <figure id="Viewer_500.png">

Interactive Viewer window for CO(3-2), after 500 iterations, more cleaning is needed.

</figure>

It will take a little while to grid the cube, when the interactive viewer opens, use the tapedeck to cycle through the channels. You should see a progress of line emission in channels 40 to 70 or so.

  • Go to channel 57 (about line center)
  • Select the polygon tool with the left mouse button
  • Select the "All Channels" toggle in the green area
  • Draw a polygon around the channel 57 emission, double click inside to activate.
  • Now go to channel 60, this is the channel with the most extent to the SE, draw another polygon that encompasses this emission if necessary,double click inside to activate.
  • Now go to channel 55, this is the channel with the most extent to the NW, draw another polygon that encompasses this emission if necessary,double click inside to activate.
  • Now double check the mask by cycling through channels with real line emission to be sure that your clean box encompasses the emission, but does not extend far beyond it. Again the "erase" toggle can come in handy if things go awry or if you want to just delete a small portion of an existing mask (just draw a polygon around what you want to erase and double click inside), be sure to switch back to "add" before going on.

The figure shows what the final clean box should look like. Now clean using the green circle arrow. You can watch the progress in the logger. When 100 iterations are done, the viewer will show the residual map for each channel. Cycle through the channels and see whether you are still happy with the clean box in each signal channel. The "erase button" can help you fix mistakes. If necessary adjust. It is often useful to adjust the colorscale with the "plus" symbol icon. Keep going until the residual emission looks like the surrounding noise. If it seems to be going slowly, increase the iterations to 300 for a round or two. I stopped cleaning (Red x) when the logger showed (about 900 iterations).

12.9846 Jy <- cleaned in this cycle for  model 0
Final maximum residual = 0.157312
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.157312, -0.0871295 clean flux 279.304

NOTE: The residuals are still a bit high in the strongest emission channels after it is well cleaned in the weaker channels. This is an indication that the sensitivity is "dynamic range" limited. In other words even with more intrinsic sensitivity per integration (i.e. better system temperature), the dynamic range limit would remain the same unless you get more uv-coverage. The fundamental dynamic range limitations of ALMA will be considerably better with 16 antennas in Early Science and MUCH better with the full 50-antenna array.

HCO+(4-3) Imaging

Now image and clean the HCO+(4-3) line using what you learned above.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.*')
clean(vis='TWHydra_HCOplus.ms.contsub',imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline',
      imagermode='csclean',spw='',
      imsize=100,cell=['0.3arcsec'],
      mode='velocity',start='-4km/s',nchan=118,width='0.12km/s',
      restfreq='356.7342GHz',outframe='LSRK',
      weighting='briggs',robust=0.5,
      mask='',usescratch=False,
      interactive=T,threshold='1mJy',niter=100000)

I stopped cleaning when:

4.79833 Jy <- cleaned in this cycle for  model 0
Final maximum residual = 0.0977348
Model 0: max, min residuals = 0.0977348, -0.060484 clean flux 192.066

Image Analysis

After all that hard work you now have deconvolved images of the 350 GHz continuum, the CO (3-2) line, and the HCO+ (4-3) line. CASA includes tools to help you understand the contents of these images and make basic scientific measurements. These tools are divided between graphical exploration tools, accessible via the CASA viewer, and command line analysis tasks. To access the viewer, simply type viewer() and to see the list of analysis tasks available in CASA type tasklist at the CASA prompt and look under the Analysis sub-heading.

If you want to do this portion of the guide and have downloaded the (.FITS) reference images, you can import them to be CASA images using importfits like this:

# In CASA
os.system("rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
importfits(fitsimage="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.fits", imagename="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")

where fitsimage refers to the file to imported and imagename gives the output filename. If you are proceeding directly from the imaging step, your data are already CASA images and you may proceed without any importing.

You can get the basic properties of any CASA image using the imhead command. For example, type

# In CASA
imhead("TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")

and look at the CASA logger. You will see an image summary like the following

INFO imhead	##########################################
INFO imhead	##### Begin Task: imhead             #####
INFO imhead	imhead(imagename="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image",mode="summary",hdkey="",hdvalue="",
INFO imhead	        hdtype="",hdcomment="",verbose=False)
INFO ImageAnalysis	   
INFO ImageAnalysis	Image name       : TWHydra_CO3_2line.image
INFO ImageAnalysis	Object name      : TW Hya
INFO ImageAnalysis	Image type       : PagedImage
INFO ImageAnalysis	Image quantity   : Intensity
INFO ImageAnalysis	Pixel mask(s)    : None
INFO ImageAnalysis	Region(s)        : None
INFO ImageAnalysis	Image units      : Jy/beam
INFO ImageAnalysis	Restoring Beam   : 1.68065 arcsec, 1.53193 arcsec, 22.3015 deg
INFO ImageAnalysis	   
INFO ImageAnalysis	Direction reference : J2000
INFO ImageAnalysis	Spectral  reference : LSRK
INFO ImageAnalysis	Velocity  type      : RADIO
INFO ImageAnalysis	Rest frequency      : 3.45796e+11 Hz
INFO ImageAnalysis	Pointing center     :  11:01:51.844983  -34.42.17.160885
INFO ImageAnalysis	Telescope           : ALMA
INFO ImageAnalysis	Observer            : Unknown
INFO ImageAnalysis	Date observation    : 2011/04/22/00:15:42
INFO ImageAnalysis	Telescope position: [2.22514e+06m, -5.44031e+06m, -2.48103e+06m] (ITRF)
INFO ImageAnalysis	   
INFO ImageAnalysis	Axis Coord Type      Name             Proj Shape Tile   Coord value at pixel      Coord incr Units
INFO ImageAnalysis	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
INFO ImageAnalysis	0    0     Direction Right Ascension   SIN   100   25  11:01:51.845    50.00   -3.000000e-01 arcsec
INFO ImageAnalysis	1    0     Direction Declination       SIN   100   25 -34.42.17.161    50.00    3.000000e-01 arcsec
INFO ImageAnalysis	2    2     Spectral  Frequency               118   59   3.45801e+11     0.00 -1.38414152e+05 Hz
INFO ImageAnalysis	                     Velocity                                    -4     0.00    1.200000e-01 km/s
INFO ImageAnalysis	3    1     Stokes    Stokes                    1    1             I
INFO imhead	##### End Task: imhead               #####
INFO imhead	##########################################

This report tells you about the target, shape, and coordinates of the image. It also notes the rest frequency and some details of the observation. imhead may be used more generally to retrieve header keywords as python variables or to manipulate the header of an image. Consult the help for details.

You may want to pay particular attention to the third and fourth axis of the CASA image. These are 
usually frequency (velocity) and Stokes (polarization) in some order. An occasional source of confusion 
is that this order is not always the same. Often CLEAN will output images with the Stokes axis third, 
while IMPORTFITS usually yields images with the frequency axis third. If you encounter problems with
image analysis tasks, you may want to check whether this results from conflicting axis definitions. You
can adjust the order of the axes using the IMTRANS task.

Before proceeding, make sure that you have all three data sets as CASA images: TWHydra_CO3_2line.image, TWHydra_HCOPlusline.image, and TWHydra_contall_apcal.image. If you do not, then import them from the provided reference images via

# In CASA
os.system("rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
importfits(fitsimage="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.fits", imagename="TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")
os.system("rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image")
importfits(fitsimage="TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.fits", imagename="TWHydra_HCOplusline.image")
os.system("rm -rf TWHydra_contall_apcal.image")
importfits(fitsimage="TWHydra_contall_apcal.image.fits", imagename="TWHydra_contall_apcal.image")

In the rest of this guide we will construct moment maps showing the integrates, velocity field, and line width of the two lines. We will carry out Gaussian fits to the continuum and line maps. We will also illustrate some of the additional analysis capabilities available in CASA: subcube extraction, retrieval of data into python arrays, cube alignment, smoothing, and overlays of multiple spectral lines.

Moment Maps

The line "images" of CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3) are, of course, cubes rather than images. Two dimensional moment maps are a standard way to present such data. These are maps showing the result of various moments (or similar calculations) carried out along the frequency axis of the cube. For example, the "moment 0" map is the sum of emission along the frequency axis at each pixel. The first moment is the intensity-weighted velocity (or frequency). The second moment is the intensity-weighted velocity (or frequency) dispersion about the mean. These and a number of other calculations (for example the maximum intensity) can be calculated via the immoments task. Consult the help or the CASA cookbook for more details.

In this section, we will calculate moments for our two spectral line data cubes. To make the highest quality moment maps, we will first identify the planes of the data cube that contain emission, so that we can carry out the sum only over these channels. Doing otherwise adds noise to the moment map without adding signal and so lowers the signal-to-noise ratio of the final image. For the first and second moments we will identify an intensity threshold above which the data are statistically very likely to correspond to real astronomical emission. We will restrict the calculation to consider only data above this threshold, yielding a cleaner calculation (the second moment, in particular, is not at all robust against the inclusion of outlying noise). Finally, we will inspect the resulting moment maps with the viewer and output them to .FITS files.

Estimate the Spectral Extent

First, we want to figure out what planes appear to contain real emission. Open the CO data cube with the CASA viewer via:

# In CASA
viewer("TWHydra_CO3_2line.image")

This will open the CO(3-2) data cube as a raster image. Use the Animator pane to scroll through the cube, noting that the emission is mostly confined to ~40 channels near the center of the cube. There are several ways to make a more rigorous estimate.

By-Plane Inspection: First, you could increase the stretch of the image to identify by hand the first and last channels with visible emission. To do open the Data Display Options panel in the viewer (the wrench icon) and manually set the data range and/or scaling power cycles to highlight faint emission (note that you can also do this using the mouse and the color stretch - sun - icon). I left the scaling power cycles at 0 and set the data range to [-0.5, 0.5]. Then scroll through the cube and note the first and last channels with obvious emission. If I do this, I find emission from about plane 30 through plane 86.

To make this more rigorous, you can work out a noise estimate before hand (we'll find it to be about 0.025 Jy/beam) and overplot a contour to indicate significant emission. You can do this by hand by using the Data Manager (folder icon) to open TWHydra_CO3_2line.image as a "contour map" and then using the Data Display Options to manipulate the contour levels. To show a 3-sigma contour with sigma=0.025 Jy/beam set the Relative Contour Levels to [3], the Base Contour Level to 0, and the Unit Contour Level to 0.025. You can display a 5-sigma contour or change the RMS analogously. Scrolling through the cube, I see 3-sigma emission from channels 33 through 80.

Look at a Spectrum: You can also look at a spectrum of the source. To do this, scroll to a channel with a lot of emission (I went to 57) and then use the mouse to drag out a rectangle. To do this, left click on the rectangle box in the mouse toolbar (this assigns the left mouse button to define rectangle regions). Then drag out a box around the emission using the same button. Now click the spectrum in the toolbar to open the spectral profile tool. You will see the average profile for the selected region. You can set the bottom axis to show channels. You can zoom in within the spectral profile by dragging out a rectangle. When I do this, I find significant emission from channels 40-80.

Look at a Declination-Frequency Projection (or an R.A.-Frequency Projection): This is probably the least reliable way to do this, but illustrates a neat capability of the viewer. Open the Data Display Options (click the wrench icon) and open the "display axes" and "hidden axes" tabs. Use the dropdown menus to change the display so that the x-axis shows Declination, the y-axis shows Frequency, and the z-axis shows "Right Ascension." Now you are scrolling through planes of intensity as a function of Declination and Frequency. Use the animator to move to R.A. plane ~ 50 (the center of the source) and pull the stretch up (in the wrench tool; I used [-0.15,0.15] again). Mouse over the image and look at the "Position Tracking" pane in the bottom of the image, noting the pixel extent of emission in the frequency axis of this plane. I see traces of emission from channel ~30-90.


You can repeat this exercise for the HCO+ (4-3) emission. Using the Spectral Profile Browser, I find that the line extends from about channel 40 through channel 75.

Make Moment 0 Maps

With an estimate of the spectral extent of emission, we are now ready to make moment 0 maps of the CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3) lines. We do this using the immmoments command,

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0')
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image',moments=[0],
          outfile='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0',
          chans='30~90')

and

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0')
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image',moments=[0],
          outfile='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0',
          chans='40~75')

immoments will sum across the channels specified by chans and produce new CASA images with the names specified by outfile. These can be inspected using the CASA viewer just like any other image. Note that unlike higher-order moments, the moment-0 map is robust to the inclusion of noisy signal-free channels (to within reason, you just decrease your signal-to-noise ratio) and indeed may be biased to miss faint emission by imposing a threshold. For that reason, we will eschew the includepix keyword as we make the moment 0 maps.

Let's look at the output using the viewer. We can specify some of the display options in the call to start the viewer by using imview instead of viewer.

# In CASA
imview( raster=[ {'file':'TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0',
                  'range':[0.0,10.],
                  'scaling':-1},
                 {'file':'TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0',
                  'range':[0.0,10.],
                  'scaling':-1}], 
         contour={'file':'TWHydra_contall_apcal.image', 'base':0, 'unit':0.0025, 'levels':[3,100]} )

This does several things: It opens the viewer with raster images of the moment 0 maps of CO(3-2) and HCO+(4-3), sets the range of the color stretch from [0, 10] for each image and sets the scaling to be -1, which highlights faint emission compared to the normal (0) stretch. It also opens the continuum image as a contour and defines two contour levels. Once the viewer is open, you can blink between the images by going into the Animator pane, checking the white box next to "Images" to enable animation between images, and then sliding the bar back and forth. See the name of the image being shown change. You can also show two images side by side by going to the Viewer Canvas Manager (wrench+P icon) and opening the "Number of Panels" tab. Set the "Number of panels in x" to 2 and make sure that the Images box is checked in the Animator pane. You will see both images side by side.

Estimate the Noise

We have already made a few offhand comparisons to the RMS noise. This quantity is often critical to know when exploring the data. Because the higher-order moments (especially the dispersion) are not at all robust to the inclusion of noise, we will calculate them only from regions of the cube that have intensity several times the RMS noise value or higher and are thus very likely to contain real astronomical emission. To proceed, we need to estimate the RMS noise for our data.

The easiest way to do this is to calculate the RMS scatter of the data about zero from a part of the data that you suspect to be (mostly) free of astronomical signal. In a data cube the easiest way to do this will often be to identify signal-free planes (channels) of the cube and to simply calculate the RMS in these regions. We can do this straightforwardly using the imstat command in CASA.

IMSTAT COMMAND

IMSTAT OUTPUT

Alternatively, you can get similar statistics on a region of an image or data cube selected manually inside the viewer. Drag out a region, for example a rectangle, using one of the mouse tools. Then

IMAGES OF REGION SELECTION, OUTPUT, REGION MANAGER

Suggested values for CO(3-2), HCO+(4-3), and continuum. Short discussion of dynamic range limited vs. line-free channels.

A note on primary beam corrections and noise.

Higher Order Moment Maps for CO(3-2)

For higher order moments it is very important to set a conservative flux threshold. Typically something like 6 sigma, using sigma from peak line channel, works well.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord')
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image',moments=[1,2],
          outfile='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom',
          chans='40~76',includepix=[0.3,100])

Display all three moment maps in the viewer, overlaid with continuum contours.

# In CASA
imview( raster=[ {'file':'TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0'},
                 {'file':'TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord'},
                 {'file':'TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord'} ], 
        contour={'file':'TWHydra_contall_apcal.image', 'base':0, 'unit':0.0025, 'levels':[3,100]} )

To see all three raster images simultaneously, open the viewer's Panel Display Options (the "P-wrench" icon in the viewer tool bar), click "Number of panels", and change "Number of panels in x" to 3. Then select the "Blink" toggle (radio button) from the Animator panel.

<figure id="TWHya_CO3_2_moments.png">

ALMA CO(3-2) moment maps, with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma. From left to right: integrated intensity, intensity weighted velocity field, intensity weighted velocity dispersion are shown.

</figure>

Repeat for HCO+(4-3) which has a bit narrower velocity extent than the CO(3-2), but similar rms noise.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0')
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image',moments=[0],
          outfile='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0',
          chans='43~74')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_coord')
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord')
immoments(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image',moments=[1,2],
          outfile='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom',
          chans='43~74',includepix=[0.3,100])

Display all three moment maps in the viewer using the same method described above for the CO(3-2) maps.

<figure id="TWHya_HCOp4_3_moments.png">

ALMA HCO+(4-3) moment maps, with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma. From left to right: integrated intensity, intensity weighted velocity field, intensity weighted velocity dispersion are shown.

</figure>

Exporting Fits Images

If you want to analyze the data using another software package it is easy to convert from CASA format to FITS.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image',fitsimage='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.fits')

Although "FITS format" is supposed to be a standard, in fact most packages expect slightly different things from a FITS image. If you are having difficulty, try setting velocity=T and/or dropstokes=T.

# In CASA

os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image',fitsimage='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.fits')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0',
         fitsimage='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom0.fits')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord',
         fitsimage='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_coord.fits')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord',
         fitsimage='TWHydra_CO3_2line.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord.fits')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0',
         fitsimage='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom0.fits')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_coord.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_coord',
         fitsimage='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_coord.fits')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord',
         fitsimage='TWHydra_HCOplusline.image.mom.weighted_dispersion_coord.fits')
# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf TWHydra_contall_apcal.image.fits')
exportfits(imagename='TWHydra_contall_apcal.image',fitsimage='TWHydra_contall_apcal.image.fits')

Display Channel Maps

Using the Viewer you can make channel map figures. Start the Viewer and then open the CO(3-2) cube as a raster image and then the continuum as a contour image. Then we use the "wrench" icon and "P wrench" icons to set up the channel images, contour levels etc. (If you need help setting up the viewer for this image, see a screen shot of the viewer setup windows, below.)

<figure id="TWHya_channel_co3_2.png">

Channel maps of the CO(3-2) emission with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma.

</figure>

<figure id="Viewer_setup.png">

The setup windows looked like this

</figure>

Repeat for HCO+(4-3)

<figure id="TWHya_channel_HCOp4_3.png">

Channel maps of the HCO+(4-3) emission with white continuum contours at 3 and 100 sigma. The color intensity scale is the same as that used for CO(3-2).

</figure>

Examine CO Contours on an HCO+ Raster

Matched Movies

Image Plane and Spectral Fits

Fit a Gaussian to the Continuum

Fit In the Viewer
Fit Using the Command Line

Fit a Gaussian to the CO Line

Fit In the Viewer
Fit Using the Command Line

Extract a Sub-Image

Align Image Cubes

Last checked on CASA Version 4.0.0.