First Look at Image Analysis: Difference between revisions

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'''This guide is written for CASA 5.7 and uses Python 2. TFor the most recent CASA version, using python 3 see [https://casaguides.nrao.edu/index.php?title=First_Look_at_Image_Analysis_CASA_6 First Look at Image Analysis CASA 6]'''
The first few tutorials provided us with a spectral line data cube and a continuum image.  Next we'd like to
The first few tutorials provided us with a spectral line data cube and a continuum image.  Next we'd like to
understand some of the properties of the images that we have produced.
understand some of the properties of the images that we have produced.


In case you don't have the images from the first tutorials handy, let's start by copying the image files from the working_data directory to our current directory:
In case you don't have the images from the first tutorials handy, let's start by copying the image files from the working/ directory to our current directory:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_cont.image")
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_cont.image")
os.system("cp -r ../working_data/sis14_twhya_cont.image .")
os.system("cp -r ../working/sis14_twhya_cont.image .")
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_n2hp.image")
os.system("rm -rf twhya_n2hp.image")
os.system("cp -r ../working_data/sis14_twhya_n2hp.image .")
os.system("cp -r ../working/twhya_n2hp.image .")
</source>
</source>


Line 18: Line 20:
# In CASA
# In CASA
imhead("sis14_twhya_cont.image")
imhead("sis14_twhya_cont.image")
imhead("sis14_twhya_n2hp.image")
imhead("twhya_n2hp.image")
</source>
</source>


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ImageMetaData Image type      : PagedImage
ImageMetaData Image type      : PagedImage
ImageMetaData Image quantity  : Intensity
ImageMetaData Image quantity  : Intensity
ImageMetaData Pixel mask(s)    : None
ImageMetaData Pixel mask(s)    : mask0
ImageMetaData Region(s)        : None
ImageMetaData Region(s)        : None
ImageMetaData Image units      : Jy/beam
ImageMetaData Image units      : Jy/beam
ImageMetaData Restoring Beam  : 0.789582 arcsec, 0.551785 arcsec, -58.4646 deg
ImageMetaData Restoring Beam  : 0.830341 arcsec, 0.683704 arcsec, -66.1199 deg
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData Direction reference : J2000
ImageMetaData Direction reference : J2000
ImageMetaData Spectral  reference : LSRK (-> TOPO)
ImageMetaData Spectral  reference : LSRK
ImageMetaData Velocity  type      : RADIO
ImageMetaData Velocity  type      : RADIO
ImageMetaData Rest frequency      : 3.72637e+11 Hz
ImageMetaData Rest frequency      : 3.72637e+11 Hz
Line 43: Line 45:
ImageMetaData Telescope          : ALMA
ImageMetaData Telescope          : ALMA
ImageMetaData Observer            : cqi
ImageMetaData Observer            : cqi
ImageMetaData Date observation    : 2012/11/19/07:37:00
ImageMetaData Date observation    : 2012/11/19/07:56:27
ImageMetaData Telescope position: [2.22506e+06m, -5.44006e+06m, -2.48168e+06m] (ITRF)
ImageMetaData Telescope position: [2.22514e+06m, -5.44031e+06m, -2.48103e+06m] (ITRF)
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData Axis Coord Type      Name            Proj Shape Tile  Coord value at pixel        Coord incr Units
ImageMetaData Axis Coord Type      Name            Proj Shape Tile  Coord value at pixel        Coord incr Units
ImageMetaData ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
ImageMetaData ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  
ImageMetaData 0    0    Direction Right Ascension  SIN  256 256 11:01:51.796  128.00    -1.000000e-01 arcsec
ImageMetaData 0    0    Direction Right Ascension  SIN  250 250 11:01:51.796  125.00    -1.000000e-01 arcsec
ImageMetaData 1    0    Direction Declination      SIN  256 256 -34.42.17.366  128.00      1.000000e-01 arcsec
ImageMetaData 1    0    Direction Declination      SIN  250 250 -34.42.17.366  125.00      1.000000e-01 arcsec
ImageMetaData 2    1    Stokes    Stokes                    1    1            I
ImageMetaData 2    1    Stokes    Stokes                    1    1            I
ImageMetaData 3    2    Spectral  Frequency                1    1  3.72637e+11    0.00 2.35055441345e+08 Hz
ImageMetaData 3    2    Spectral  Frequency                1    1  3.72637e+11    0.00 2.34445114878e+08 Hz
ImageMetaData                     Velocity                                    0    0.00    -1.891126e+02 km/s
ImageMetaData                     Velocity                                    0    0.00    -1.886149e+02 km/s
imhead ##### End Task: imhead              #####
imhead ##### End Task: imhead              #####
imhead ##########################################
imhead ##########################################
Line 58: Line 60:
imhead ##########################################
imhead ##########################################
imhead ##### Begin Task: imhead            #####
imhead ##### Begin Task: imhead            #####
imhead imhead(imagename="sis14_twhya_n2hp.image",mode="summary",hdkey="",hdvalue="",verbose=False)
imhead imhead(imagename="twhya_n2hp.image",mode="summary",hdkey="",hdvalue="",verbose=False)
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData Image name      : sis14_twhya_n2hp.image
ImageMetaData Image name      : twhya_n2hp.image
ImageMetaData Object name      : TW Hya
ImageMetaData Object name      : TW Hya
ImageMetaData Image type      : PagedImage
ImageMetaData Image type      : PagedImage
Line 67: Line 69:
ImageMetaData Region(s)        : None
ImageMetaData Region(s)        : None
ImageMetaData Image units      : Jy/beam
ImageMetaData Image units      : Jy/beam
ImageMetaData Restoring Beam  : 0.709488 arcsec, 0.469052 arcsec, -53.779 deg
ImageMetaData Restoring Beam  : 0.750766 arcsec, 0.598023 arcsec, -59.397 deg
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData Direction reference : J2000
ImageMetaData Direction reference : J2000
Line 77: Line 79:
ImageMetaData Observer            : cqi
ImageMetaData Observer            : cqi
ImageMetaData Date observation    : 2012/11/19/07:56:27
ImageMetaData Date observation    : 2012/11/19/07:56:27
ImageMetaData Telescope position: [2.22506e+06m, -5.44006e+06m, -2.48168e+06m] (ITRF)
ImageMetaData Telescope position: [2.22514e+06m, -5.44031e+06m, -2.48103e+06m] (ITRF)
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData    
ImageMetaData Axis Coord Type      Name            Proj Shape Tile  Coord value at pixel      Coord incr Units
ImageMetaData Axis Coord Type      Name            Proj Shape Tile  Coord value at pixel      Coord incr Units
Line 84: Line 86:
ImageMetaData 1    0    Direction Declination      SIN  250  50 -34.42.17.366  125.00    8.000000e-02 arcsec
ImageMetaData 1    0    Direction Declination      SIN  250  50 -34.42.17.366  125.00    8.000000e-02 arcsec
ImageMetaData 2    1    Stokes    Stokes                    1    1            I
ImageMetaData 2    1    Stokes    Stokes                    1    1            I
ImageMetaData 3    2    Spectral  Frequency                15    5   3.72672e+11    0.00 -6.21550826e+05 Hz
ImageMetaData 3    2    Spectral  Frequency                15    5 3.726725e+11    0.00 -6.21550810e+05 Hz
ImageMetaData                     Velocity                                    0    0.00    5.000000e-01 km/s
ImageMetaData                     Velocity                                    0    0.00    5.000000e-01 km/s
imhead ##### End Task: imhead              #####
imhead ##### End Task: imhead              #####
Line 98: Line 100:
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
my_stats = imstat("sis14_twhya_n2hp.image", chans="0~4")
my_stats = imstat("twhya_n2hp.image", chans="0~4")
</source>
</source>


Line 105: Line 107:
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
print my_stats
print(my_stats)
print my_stats['rms']
print(my_stats['rms'])
</source>
</source>


It's useful to see that the RMS is about 20 mJy/beam in the
It's useful to see that the RMS is about 26 mJy/beam in the
line cube.
line cube.


Line 116: Line 118:
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
imstat("sis14_twhya_n2hp.image", chans="0~4")
imstat("twhya_n2hp.image", chans="0~4")
</source>
</source>


This task is useful for measuring basic source characteristics. For example,
This task is useful for measuring basic source characteristics. For example,
calculate the statistics for a box encompassing the disk - you see that the
calculate the statistics for a box encompassing the disk - you see that the
integrated flux is about 1.5 Jy.
integrated flux is about 1.8 Jy.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
Line 127: Line 129:
imstat("sis14_twhya_cont.image", box="100,100,150,150")
imstat("sis14_twhya_cont.image", box="100,100,150,150")
my_stats = imstat("sis14_twhya_cont.image", box="100,100,150,150")
my_stats = imstat("sis14_twhya_cont.image", box="100,100,150,150")
print my_stats['flux']
print(my_stats['flux'])
</source>
</source>


Line 153: Line 155:
A more complete description of image moments is given [http://casa.nrao.edu/docs/CasaRef/image.moments.html here in the CASA reference manual].
A more complete description of image moments is given [http://casa.nrao.edu/docs/CasaRef/image.moments.html here in the CASA reference manual].


<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-analysis-mom0.png">
 
[[File:Imaging-tutorial-analysis-mom0.png|thumb|<caption>The zero moment of the N2H+ image.</caption>]]
[[File:Imaging-tutorial-analysis-mom0_5.7.png|thumb|<caption>The zero moment of the N2H+ image.</caption>]]
</figure>
 


Let's make a moment 0 image clipped at ~1 sigma:
Let's make a moment 0 image clipped at ~1 sigma:
Line 162: Line 164:
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom0")
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom0")
immoments("sis14_twhya_n2hp.image",
immoments("twhya_n2hp.image",
outfile="sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom0",
          outfile="sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom0",
includepix=[20e-3,100],
          includepix=[20e-3,100],
chans="4~12",
          chans="4~12",
moments=0)
          moments=0)
</source>
</source>


Line 174: Line 176:
# In CASA
# In CASA
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom1")
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom1")
immoments("sis14_twhya_n2hp.image",
immoments("twhya_n2hp.image",
outfile="sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom1",
          outfile="sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom1",
includepix=[40e-3,100],
          includepix=[40e-3,100],
chans="4~12",
          chans="4~12",
moments=1)
          moments=1)
</source>
</source>


Line 191: Line 193:
0 (as a contour plot) on the continuum.
0 (as a contour plot) on the continuum.


<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-analysis-overlay.png">
 
[[File:Imaging-tutorial-analysis-overlay.png|thumb|<caption>The N2H+ moment zero map as contours, overlaid on the continuum emission of TW Hydra.  The plot demonstrates the "show line".</caption>]]
[[File:Imaging-tutorial-analysis-overlay_5.7.png|thumb|<caption>The N2H+ moment zero map as contours, overlaid on the continuum emission of TW Hydra.  The plot demonstrates the "show line".</caption>]]
</figure>
 


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
Line 202: Line 204:
'levels': [0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8] })
'levels': [0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8] })
</source>
</source>
Here, we are not using the primary beam corrected images and cubes when creating our moment maps. Remember that it's often very convenient to work in images before primary beam correction because the noise is the same across the field (e.g., this is a clean data set to search for signal) but it's very important to remember to apply this correction before calculating fluxes or intensities for science.


== Export FITS images ==
== Export FITS images ==
Line 213: Line 217:
# In CASA
# In CASA
exportfits(imagename="sis14_twhya_cont.image",
exportfits(imagename="sis14_twhya_cont.image",
fitsimage="twhya_cont.fits",
          fitsimage="twhya_cont.fits",
overwrite=True)
          overwrite=True)
</source>
</source>


Line 222: Line 226:
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
exportfits(imagename="sis14_twhya_n2hp.image",
exportfits(imagename="twhya_n2hp.image",
fitsimage="twhya_n2hp.fits",
          fitsimage="twhya_n2hp.fits",
velocity=True,
          velocity=True,
overwrite=True)
          overwrite=True)
</source>
</source>

Revision as of 13:41, 6 April 2022

This guide is written for CASA 5.7 and uses Python 2. TFor the most recent CASA version, using python 3 see First Look at Image Analysis CASA 6

The first few tutorials provided us with a spectral line data cube and a continuum image. Next we'd like to understand some of the properties of the images that we have produced.

In case you don't have the images from the first tutorials handy, let's start by copying the image files from the working/ directory to our current directory:

# In CASA
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_cont.image")
os.system("cp -r ../working/sis14_twhya_cont.image .")
os.system("rm -rf twhya_n2hp.image")
os.system("cp -r ../working/twhya_n2hp.image .")

Recall that we orient ourselves with measurement sets (UV data) using the listobs task. For images, an analogous way to get basic header information is to use the imhead task.

# In CASA
imhead("sis14_twhya_cont.image")
imhead("twhya_n2hp.image")

CASA prints the image header information to the logger:

imhead	##########################################
imhead	##### Begin Task: imhead             #####
imhead	imhead(imagename="sis14_twhya_cont.image",mode="summary",hdkey="",hdvalue="",verbose=False)
ImageMetaData	   
ImageMetaData	Image name       : sis14_twhya_cont.image
ImageMetaData	Object name      : TW Hya
ImageMetaData	Image type       : PagedImage
ImageMetaData	Image quantity   : Intensity
ImageMetaData	Pixel mask(s)    : mask0
ImageMetaData	Region(s)        : None
ImageMetaData	Image units      : Jy/beam
ImageMetaData	Restoring Beam   : 0.830341 arcsec, 0.683704 arcsec, -66.1199 deg
ImageMetaData	   
ImageMetaData	Direction reference : J2000
ImageMetaData	Spectral  reference : LSRK
ImageMetaData	Velocity  type      : RADIO
ImageMetaData	Rest frequency      : 3.72637e+11 Hz
ImageMetaData	Pointing center     :  11:01:51.796000  -34.42.17.366000
ImageMetaData	Telescope           : ALMA
ImageMetaData	Observer            : cqi
ImageMetaData	Date observation    : 2012/11/19/07:56:27
ImageMetaData	Telescope position: [2.22514e+06m, -5.44031e+06m, -2.48103e+06m] (ITRF)
ImageMetaData	   
ImageMetaData	Axis Coord Type      Name             Proj Shape Tile   Coord value at pixel        Coord incr Units
ImageMetaData	---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
ImageMetaData	0    0     Direction Right Ascension   SIN   250  250  11:01:51.796   125.00     -1.000000e-01 arcsec
ImageMetaData	1    0     Direction Declination       SIN   250  250 -34.42.17.366   125.00      1.000000e-01 arcsec
ImageMetaData	2    1     Stokes    Stokes                    1    1             I
ImageMetaData	3    2     Spectral  Frequency                 1    1   3.72637e+11     0.00 2.34445114878e+08 Hz
ImageMetaData	                     Velocity                                     0     0.00     -1.886149e+02 km/s
imhead	##### End Task: imhead               #####
imhead	##########################################

imhead	##########################################
imhead	##### Begin Task: imhead             #####
imhead	imhead(imagename="twhya_n2hp.image",mode="summary",hdkey="",hdvalue="",verbose=False)
ImageMetaData	   
ImageMetaData	Image name       : twhya_n2hp.image
ImageMetaData	Object name      : TW Hya
ImageMetaData	Image type       : PagedImage
ImageMetaData	Image quantity   : Intensity
ImageMetaData	Pixel mask(s)    : mask0
ImageMetaData	Region(s)        : None
ImageMetaData	Image units      : Jy/beam
ImageMetaData	Restoring Beam   : 0.750766 arcsec, 0.598023 arcsec, -59.397 deg
ImageMetaData	   
ImageMetaData	Direction reference : J2000
ImageMetaData	Spectral  reference : LSRK
ImageMetaData	Velocity  type      : RADIO
ImageMetaData	Rest frequency      : 3.72672e+11 Hz
ImageMetaData	Pointing center     :  11:01:51.796000  -34.42.17.366000
ImageMetaData	Telescope           : ALMA
ImageMetaData	Observer            : cqi
ImageMetaData	Date observation    : 2012/11/19/07:56:27
ImageMetaData	Telescope position: [2.22514e+06m, -5.44031e+06m, -2.48103e+06m] (ITRF)
ImageMetaData	   
ImageMetaData	Axis Coord Type      Name             Proj Shape Tile   Coord value at pixel      Coord incr Units
ImageMetaData	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
ImageMetaData	0    0     Direction Right Ascension   SIN   250  125  11:01:51.796   125.00   -8.000000e-02 arcsec
ImageMetaData	1    0     Direction Declination       SIN   250   50 -34.42.17.366   125.00    8.000000e-02 arcsec
ImageMetaData	2    1     Stokes    Stokes                    1    1             I
ImageMetaData	3    2     Spectral  Frequency                15    5  3.726725e+11     0.00 -6.21550810e+05 Hz
ImageMetaData	                     Velocity                                     0     0.00    5.000000e-01 km/s
imhead	##### End Task: imhead               #####
imhead	##########################################

Statistics

Often we'd like to measure basic image statistics and fluxes. Recall you can do these operations pretty easily in the viewer, by dragging out a box and then right-double clicking inside it to get statistics for that region. You can also get statistics using the imstat task.

# In CASA
my_stats = imstat("twhya_n2hp.image", chans="0~4")

The imstat task returns a python dictionary, and you can examine the contents as follows:

# In CASA
print(my_stats)
print(my_stats['rms'])

It's useful to see that the RMS is about 26 mJy/beam in the line cube.

You can also just print the dictionary to the terminal screen:

# In CASA
imstat("twhya_n2hp.image", chans="0~4")

This task is useful for measuring basic source characteristics. For example, calculate the statistics for a box encompassing the disk - you see that the integrated flux is about 1.8 Jy.

# In CASA
imstat("sis14_twhya_cont.image", box="100,100,150,150")
my_stats = imstat("sis14_twhya_cont.image", box="100,100,150,150")
print(my_stats['flux'])

Alternatively, a box defined off the disk will give image noise statistics.

# In CASA
imstat("sis14_twhya_cont.image", box="25,150,225,200")

Moments

For the spectral line cube, it's very useful to "collapse" the cube in various ways to analyze the emission. The immoments task lets you do this.

The first few "moments" are defined as follows:

 moments = -1 : mean value of the spectral coordinate
 moments =  0 : integrated value of the spectral coordinate
 moments =  1 : intensity weighted coordinate; traditionally used to get 'velocity fields'
 moments =  2 : intensity weighted dispersion of the coordinate; traditionally used to get "velocity dispersion"

A more complete description of image moments is given here in the CASA reference manual.


The zero moment of the N2H+ image.


Let's make a moment 0 image clipped at ~1 sigma:

# In CASA
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom0")
immoments("twhya_n2hp.image",
          outfile="sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom0",
          includepix=[20e-3,100],
          chans="4~12",
          moments=0)

Make a moment 1 image clipped at ~2 sigma:

# In CASA
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom1")
immoments("twhya_n2hp.image",
          outfile="sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom1",
          includepix=[40e-3,100],
          chans="4~12",
          moments=1)

At this point we have a few really neat things to see: first the line shows a hole in the middle. Overlay it on the dust (continuum) disk using the viewer and you can notice that they align but with the N2H+ existing only outside a certain radius - in this case the "snow line". Also have a look at the velocity field to see the rotation of the disk.

The imview task has some command-line scripting capability. For example, here we show how to overlay the line moment 0 (as a contour plot) on the continuum.


The N2H+ moment zero map as contours, overlaid on the continuum emission of TW Hydra. The plot demonstrates the "show line".


# In CASA
imview(raster={'file': 'sis14_twhya_cont.image',
'range': [-0.01,0.5]},
contour={'file': 'sis14_twhya_n2hp.mom0',
'levels': [0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8] })

Here, we are not using the primary beam corrected images and cubes when creating our moment maps. Remember that it's often very convenient to work in images before primary beam correction because the noise is the same across the field (e.g., this is a clean data set to search for signal) but it's very important to remember to apply this correction before calculating fluxes or intensities for science.

Export FITS images

CASA is great (of course) but you will ultimately want to export your data to a common format to analyze in other programs, share with other astronomers, or archive. It's easy to export images from CASA's image format to FITS images via the exportfits command.

# In CASA
exportfits(imagename="sis14_twhya_cont.image",
           fitsimage="twhya_cont.fits",
           overwrite=True)

For the cube we want to specify additionally that the frequency axis will be written out as velocity.

# In CASA
exportfits(imagename="twhya_n2hp.image",
           fitsimage="twhya_n2hp.fits",
           velocity=True,
           overwrite=True)