Getting Started in CASA
Starting CASA
Navigate to your working directory in an xterm window. Start CASA by typing:
## From a UNIX shell prompt
casapy
on the Unix command line. CASA is built in iPython, and you will see a number of initialization messages, a list of available tasks, and, finally, a Python command line prompt:
CASA <1>:
CASA will also spawn a separate logger window, which logs messages from various tasks. Logger messages are saved in a file 'casapy.log', in your local directory. Whenever you start CASA, the previous log is renamed (based on the date and time), and a new 'casapy.log' is opened. In addition, your command line history is automatically maintained and stored as 'ipython.log' in your local directory.
Note that on startup, CASA adopts current settings of environment variables, so set them before starting CASA. For example, PAGER regulates the help display. The cat option works well in both interactive and script mode. In bash, use PAGER=cat. In csh or tcsh, use setenv PAGER cat.
Listing Available Tasks and Tools
CASA processes are organized into tasks and tools. Tools are the underlying functionality of CASA, intended for expert users participating in development. New users should ignore the tools. Tasks utilize a number of tools and accomplish a specific data analysis or calibration goal. To get information about tasks while in CASA, use:
# From within CASA
tasklist()
A more exhaustive summary can be obtained as follows:
taskhelp
For a similar summary of the CASA tools, type:
toolhelp
Getting Help on a Task
Let's get some exhaustive help on the CASA imaging task clean.
# From within CASA
help clean
Task Execution
There are two basic ways to execute a task in CASA.
1) The first is to list the task parameters and set them one by one. Let's say we would like to run the task importasdm. To load this task's parameters, type:
tget importasdm
and then type
inp
to view this task's parameters. They'll look something like this: [[Image:intro_importasdm.png|800px|Importasdm parameters.]
Note that tget will recall the parameters from the last time you've run importasdm in your current working directory (it reads a file called 'importasdm.last'). If importasdm has not been run before, it will just use the default parameters.
You can now set individual parameters from the command line, simply using a Python <parameter>=<value> syntax.
asdm = 'TOSR0005_sb1475761_1.55351.74409018519'
vis = 'awesome_data.ms'
Do another inp to see the updated parameters and make sure everything looks ok. Now you're ready to run the task! Type
go
and check your logger to make sure things are proceeding smoothly.
2) The second strategy for executing tasks is critical for scripting, because it can be non-interactive. You'll type:
importasdm(asdm = 'TOSR0005_sb1475761_1.55351.74409018519', vis = 'awesome_data.ms')
and then simply press enter. This will both set the parameters for importasdm and run the task, all in one go. Note that any parameters you have not explicitly set in the parentheses will be set to their defaults.
More Detail on Setting Parameters
If a task is successfully executed, then the successful parameter set is stored in a '.last' file in the working directory.
The ways to save and restore parameters are:
- tget <taskname>: retrieves parameters from <taskname>.last;
- default('<taskname>'): restores the default parameters;
- saveinputs(<taskname>,<filename>): saves the current set of parameters into <filename>;
- execfile '<filename>': retrieves a set of parameters.
CASA uses multiple font colors and highlighting to give more information about the parameters and their current values. Some parameters are expandable and have sub-parameters: an inp listing will show these on a gray background. If a gray parameter is set to a value that allows sub-parameters, then the sub-parameters are listed in the next instance of inp in green. Otherwise, the sub-parameters remain hidden. A blue parameter has been altered from its default value. Pay particular attention if the text color is red: the value of the parameter is invalid, and the task will not run.
XXXXX SCREEN SHOT FOR PARAMETER COLORS XXXXXXXXXXX
Be wary of a parameter's type. Strings will always have quotes around them (although sometimes they can be numbers! e.g., spw = '0'), while floats and integers never will (e.g., diameter=25.0). Boolean variables will be True or False with no quotes around them. One common reason a parameter might turn red under inp is quotation marks which have been mistakenly added or forgotten.
You can also use go to invoke a task without changing the current task. For example, you may be setting parameters for plotcal, and wish to verify an antenna name. Typing go listobs will list the observations in the logger, but will not change the current task to listobs. Typing inp after this will give the inputs list for plotcal, since the current task has not been changed.
Quitting CASA
You can exit CASA by typing:
# From within CASA
quit
or
# From within CASA
exit
or CTRL-D at the casapy prompt.
If you don't want to see the question "Do you really want to exit [y]/n?", then just type
# From within CASA
Exit
and CASA will stop right then and there.
What If Something Goes Wrong?
First, always check that your inputs are correct; use
inp <taskname>
Next, check the inline documentation using the help facility:
help <taskname>
or
help par.<parameter_name>
to review the allowed parameters. For example,
help par.selectdata
will give guidance on the use of this parameter (and in this case its sub-parameters). One common source of confusion is parameter format---should it be entered as a string or as a float/integer? For example, in flagdata, antenna diameter should be entered as a float (diam = 28.0 in mode = 'shadow'. Note there are no quotes around 28.0); antenna name, on the other hand, is a string (even though it may look like a simple number---antenna = '3'. Note the quotes around '3').
If something has gone wrong and you want to stop what is executing, then typing CTRL-C will usually cleanly abort the application. Alert: you may lose contact with the logger GUI if you have one, in which case you will want to restart CASA.
If CASA crashes, then usually restarting it is sufficient to get you going again. Note that there may be spawned subprocesses still running, such as the casaviewer or the logger. These can be dismissed manually in the usual manner. After a crash, there may also be hidden processes. You can find these by listing processes, e.g. in linux:
ps -elf | grep casa
or on MacOSX (or other BSD Unix):
ps -aux | grep casa
You can then kill these, for example using the Unix kill or killall commands. This may be necessary if you are running remotely using ssh, as you cannot logout until all your background processes are terminated. For example,
killall ipcontroller
or
killall Python
will terminate the most common post-crash zombies.
Python Basics
Typing help at the CASA prompt with no arguments will bring up the native Python help, which has information about Python commands and keywords. Hitting <RETURN> at the Python help> prompt will return you to CASA.
Command-line Completion and Recall
Hitting the <TAB> key completes unambiguous commands or variable names and shows you a list of the possible completions, if there are more than one. It also completes filenames from the working directory if no CASA or Python commands match. Once you have typed enough of a command to make it unique, <TAB> will complete it. This will help you avoid errors due to typos.
You can also use up-and-down-arrow command-line recall in the CASA interface. Begin typing a command, and then use the up arrow; you will navigate back and edit commands matching what you typed.
Setting Variables
Set Python variables using <parameter>=<value> syntax. Python assigns the type dynamically as you set the value, and will allow you to assign an integer value to a string parameter. However, CASA will check types before running a task, and alert you if you have made a mistake. Python variable names are case sensitive. Also note that mis-spelling a variable assignment will not be noticed by the interface. For example, you might wish to set correlation='RR', but instead type corellation='RR'. You will find correlation unset, and a new variable, corellation will exist, with value 'RR'. Using command-line completion and recall helps avoid these errors.
Lists and Ranges
The Python range function give a task a list of indices. For example,
iflist=range(4,8)
will set
iflist = [4, 5, 6, 7]
Indexes
Python indices are 0-based. The first element in the list antlist is antlist[0]. CASA also uses 0-based indexing. Field or antenna IDs, for example, start at 0. The first field in a measurement set has FIELD_ID==0.
Indentation
Python uses indentation to determine the level of nesting in loops. Be careful when cutting and pasting, you may get an error (or an erroneous result).
System shell access
You can access most system commands (ls, rm, mv, pwd, less) directly from the CASA command line; no need for a bang (!). However, for some, like cp, you will need to use a !:
!cp vla evla
The cd command must not use the !.
Note: to access a Unix environment variable from CASA, you will need to use $$ instead of $.
Running Scripts
You may wish to run scripts which contain series of commands for data calibration, etc. To execute the script contained in the text file 'myscript.py', type
execfile('myscript.py')
The step-by-step tutorials on this Wiki will walk you through reducing data. Also check out the CASA Hints, Tips, and Tricks page---it might contain the answer to your question! Also, if you have a specific concern, try doing a search for it on this Wiki with the search option to the left. Finally, the CASA cookbook remains the most complete reference.
--Laura Chomiuk 17:40, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
