HI 21cm (1.4 GHz) spectral line data reduction: LEDA 44055
Overview
This tutorial describes the data reduction of the HI spectral line observed of the nearby (4.8 Mpc), gas-rich dwarf galaxy LEDA44055 (Figure 1: grab HST image). For its gas-rich nature, LEDA44055 is quiescent and is an Hα non-detection. Observations by the HST show a weak blue plume structure, and further inspection of GALEX archival images show some faint emission in the optical body, which taken together suggest that LEDA44055 may be in a "post-starburst" phase.
In this 1.4 GHz observation, a 16 MHz wide subband (spectral window, abbreviated as spw in CASA) using 4096 channels was observed, each channel providing ~ 1700 km/s of velocity coverage that results in a channel width of 3.906 kHz per channel. The second IF subband is used to acquire 1-2 GHz continuum imaging of the field; if LEDA44055 is in post-starbust phase, then it may display significant synchotron emission.
The TDEM0025 observation at the VLA was done during C-configuration and spanned 2 hours on the instrument from 31 July 2017 at 12:39 UT to 1 August 2017 at 14:39 UT. Information about the observation can be found on the corresponding VLA Observing Log and the continuation log (the observing log was split at the monthly boundary). This observing log is a record of events that transpired during the observation of the project, including weather conditions and any loss of antenna(s) and/or components that could affect the outcome of the observation.
This observation of LEDA44055 was taken as part of the Observing for University Classes program. The project code for this VLA observation is TDEM0025. This paper by Cannon et. al is the result of the observation.
How to use this CASA guide
Please use CASA 5.4.0 for this tutorial (typing casa -ls in a linux window shows the available versions and the current version; to explicitly change the current version type, e.g., casa -r 5.4.0-68)
There are at least three different ways to interact with CASA, described in more detail in Getting Started in CASA. In this guide we provide the pseudo-interactive method for every step and the interactive method for some of the steps. Since it is possible to use both methods, take care not to run the same task with identical parameters twice using both methods.
- Interactively examining task inputs. In this mode, one types taskname to load the task, inp to examine the inputs (see Figure 2), and go once those inputs have been set to your satisfaction. Allowed inputs are shown in blue and bad inputs are colored red. The input parameters themselves are changed one by one, e.g., selectdata=True. Summaries of the inputs to various tasks used in the data reduction below are provided, to illustrate which parameters need to be set. More detailed help can be obtained on any task by typing help taskname. Once a task is run, the set of inputs are stored and can be retrieved via tget taskname; subsequent runs will overwrite the previous tget file. To reset a task to its default settings type, default taskname.
# Interactive CASA <default|tget> taskname inp parameter1 = value1 parameter2 = value2 (etc) inp (Always double check the input parameters before running the task.) go
- Pseudo-interactively via task function calls. In this case, all of the desired inputs to a task are provided at once on the CASA command line. This tutorial is made up of such calls, which were developed by looking at the inputs for each task and deciding what needed to be changed from default values. For task function calls, only parameters that you want to be different from their defaults need to be set.
# Pseudo-interactive CASA
taskname('input parameters')
- Non-interactively via a script. A series of task function calls can be combined together into a script, and run from within CASA via execfile('scriptname.py'). This and other CASA Tutorial Guides have been designed to be extracted into a script via the script extractor by using the method described within the Extracting scripts from these tutorials page. Should you use the script generated by the script extractor for this CASA Guide, be aware that it will require some small amount of interaction related to the plotting, occasionally suggesting that you close the graphics window and hitting return in the terminal to proceed. It is in fact unnecessary to close the graphics windows (it is suggested that you do so purely to keep your desktop uncluttered).
Step 1: Obtain the Dataset
From the NRAO Data Archive enter TDEM0025 in the Project Code field and select the data set TDEM0025.sb34039638.eb34043648.57965.965492013886. (This should be the only dataset for the project). The dataset on the archive is around 85 GB in size.
You will download the dataset as an SDM file, either as a .tar file or as an uncompressed file. Under the Jansky VLA datasets options, check the "SDM-BDF dataset (all files)" button and, if you want the dataset downloaded as a .tar file, check the "Create tar file" box.
Once you have your dataset, copy it into a directory where you can launch CASA to begin the data reduction steps below. If you downloaded the dataset as a .tar file, you need to perform the following extra step to extract the dataset before beginning the data reduction steps.
#In a terminal outside of CASA: tar -xzf TDEM0025.sb34039638.eb34043648.57965.965492013886.tar.gz
Step 2: Import the Dataset into CASA
In earlier versions of CASA, you would import your data using the CASA command importevla. With CASA 5.4.0 and higher this task has been deprecated and, while it is still functional, there will be no further support for this task and you should instead use the CASA task importasdm to import your dataset into CASA. In order to make importasdm duplicate the task importevla, several parameters will need to be set from their default values.
# Interactive CASA default importasdm inp asdm='TDEM0025.sb34039638.eb34043648.57965.965492013886' vis='TDEM0025.ms' ocorr_mode='co' savecmds=True outfile='TDEM0025_onlineflags.txt' applyflags=True inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
importasdm(asdm='TDEM0025.sb34039638.eb34043648.57965.965492013886',vis='TDEM0025.ms',ocorr_mode='co',savecmds=True,outfile='TDEM0025_onlineflags.txt',applyflags=True)
Where: inp # lists the inputs available for this task adsm='SDM-BDF File ID' # this is the filename of the SDM-BDF to use vis='filename.ms' # this is the name of the output measurement set created (.ms) ocorr_mode='co' # the VLA is a cross-correlator savecmds=True # write the online flagging commands to an output file outfile='filename.txt' # name of the file containing the online flags applyflags=True # apply the online flags during creation of the MS go # executes the task with the given inputs
Next we will use flagcmd to look at the table of online flags. This plot will show a graphical view of the online flags, which are antenna and/or time based flags.
From this plot (see Figure 1), we can see that ea22 has a subreflector error during the beginning of the observation. We will flag this in a later step.
# Interactive CASA default flagcmd vis='TDEM0025.ms' inpmode='table' useapplied=True action='plot' savepars=True plotfile='flagcmd-table.png' inp go
flagcmd(vis='TDEM0025.ms', inpmode='table', useapplied=True, action='plot', savepars=True, plotfile='flagcmd-table.png')
Step 3: Flag Antenna Shadowing, Zeros, and Very Bright Values
Next we will use flagdata to flag any antennas that may have been shadowed during the observation. This is a necessary step when observing in D- or C-configuration. Once we set mode='shadow' more parameters become available to edit specific to antenna shadowing, such as tolerance (the amount of shadow allowed (in meters)) and addantenna (file name or dictionary with additional antenna names, positions, and diameters). We will leave those parameters as the default settings of tolerance=0.0 (very conservative) and addantenna (no file or dictionary). Note, if an observation was taken in A- or B-configuration, this step is unnecessary.
# Interactive CASA default flagdata inp vis='TDEM0025.ms' mode='shadow' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
flagdata(vis='TDEM0025.ms', mode='shadow')
The correlator is known to generate a small number of zeros in the data. We will use flagdata to remove those zeros and to clip the very bright values. Setting mode='clip' in flagdata will reveal new parameters specific to this mode. We will leave most of the parameters as the default settings, however we will set two in particular: correlation='ABS_ALL' will take the absolute value of RR and LL and clip the very bright values and clipzeros=True will clip the zero-value data generated by the correlator.
# Interactive CASA default flagdata inp vis='TDEM0025.ms' mode='clip' correlation='ABS_ALL' clipzeros=True inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
flagdata(vis='TDEM0025.ms', mode='clip', correlation='ABS_ALL', clipzeros=True)
More details regarding the use of flagdata can be found under the importasdm task.
Step 4: Initial Inspection of the Dataset
The next step is to inspect the contents of the MS using listobs. The task listobs provides almost all relevant observational parameters such as correlator setup (frequencies, bandwidths, channel number and widths, polarization products), sources, scans, scan intents, and antenna locations. Setting verbose=True will display all of the contents of the raw data and setting listfile='listobs.txt' will create a text file you can refer to later.
# Interactive CASA default listobs inp vis='TDEM0025.ms' verbose=True listfile='listobs.txt' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
listobs(vis='TDEM0025.ms', verbose=True, listfile='listobs.txt')
Below is a copy/paste of a portion of the listobs output:
Observer: Dr. John M. Cannon Project: uid://evla/pdb/34039543 Observation: EVLA Data records: 7480512 Total elapsed time = 7176 seconds Observed from 31-Jul-2017/23:10:27.0 to 01-Aug-2017/01:10:03.0 (UTC) ObservationID = 0 ArrayID = 0 Date Timerange (UTC) Scan FldId FieldName nRows SpwIds Average Interval(s) ScanIntent 31-Jul-2017/23:10:27.0 - 23:11:24.0 1 0 1331+305=3C286 60021 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [SYSTEM_CONFIGURATION#UNSPECIFIED] 23:11:27.0 - 23:15:54.0 2 0 1331+305=3C286 281151 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_BANDPASS#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_FLUX#UNSPECIFIED] 23:15:57.0 - 23:20:21.0 3 0 1331+305=3C286 277992 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_BANDPASS#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_FLUX#UNSPECIFIED] 23:20:24.0 - 23:22:21.0 4 1 J1330+2509 123201 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_AMPLI#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_PHASE#UNSPECIFIED] 23:22:24.0 - 23:24:21.0 5 1 J1330+2509 123201 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_AMPLI#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_PHASE#UNSPECIFIED] 23:24:24.0 - 23:30:45.0 6 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 23:30:48.0 - 23:37:09.0 7 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 23:37:12.0 - 23:43:30.0 8 2 LEDA44055 398034 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 23:43:33.0 - 23:45:30.0 9 1 J1330+2509 123201 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_AMPLI#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_PHASE#UNSPECIFIED] 23:45:33.0 - 23:51:54.0 10 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 23:51:57.0 - 23:58:15.0 11 2 LEDA44055 398034 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 23:58:18.0 - 00:04:39.0 12 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 01-Aug-2017/00:04:42.0 - 00:06:39.0 13 1 J1330+2509 123201 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_AMPLI#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_PHASE#UNSPECIFIED] 00:06:42.0 - 00:13:03.0 14 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 00:13:06.0 - 00:19:24.0 15 2 LEDA44055 398034 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 00:19:27.0 - 00:25:48.0 16 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 00:25:51.0 - 00:27:48.0 17 1 J1330+2509 123201 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_AMPLI#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_PHASE#UNSPECIFIED] 00:27:51.0 - 00:34:09.0 18 2 LEDA44055 398034 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 00:34:12.0 - 00:40:33.0 19 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 00:40:36.0 - 00:46:57.0 20 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 00:47:00.0 - 00:48:57.0 21 1 J1330+2509 123201 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_AMPLI#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_PHASE#UNSPECIFIED] 00:49:00.0 - 00:55:18.0 22 2 LEDA44055 398034 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 00:55:21.0 - 01:01:42.0 23 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 01:01:45.0 - 01:08:06.0 24 2 LEDA44055 401193 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [OBSERVE_TARGET#UNSPECIFIED] 01:08:09.0 - 01:10:03.0 25 1 J1330+2509 120042 [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3] [CALIBRATE_AMPLI#UNSPECIFIED,CALIBRATE_PHASE#UNSPECIFIED] (nRows = Total number of rows per scan) Fields: 3 ID Code Name RA Decl Epoch SrcId nRows 0 NONE 1331+305=3C286 13:31:08.287984 +30.30.32.95886 J2000 0 619164 1 NONE J1330+2509 13:30:37.689201 +25.09.10.97800 J2000 1 859248 2 NONE LEDA44055 12:55:41.000000 +19.12.33.00000 J2000 2 6002100 Spectral Windows: (9 unique spectral windows and 2 unique polarization setups) SpwID Name #Chans Frame Ch0(MHz) ChanWid(kHz) TotBW(kHz) CtrFreq(MHz) BBC Num Corrs 0 EVLA_L#A0C0#0 4096 TOPO 1410.330 3.906 16000.0 1418.3276 12 RR LL 1 EVLA_L#B0D0#1 128 TOPO 988.000 1000.000 128000.0 1051.5000 15 RR RL LR LL 2 EVLA_L#B0D0#2 128 TOPO 1116.000 1000.000 128000.0 1179.5000 15 RR RL LR LL 3 EVLA_L#B0D0#3 128 TOPO 1244.000 1000.000 128000.0 1307.5000 15 RR RL LR LL 4 EVLA_L#B0D0#4 128 TOPO 1372.000 1000.000 128000.0 1435.5000 15 RR RL LR LL 5 EVLA_L#B0D0#5 128 TOPO 1500.000 1000.000 128000.0 1563.5000 15 RR RL LR LL 6 EVLA_L#B0D0#6 128 TOPO 1628.000 1000.000 128000.0 1691.5000 15 RR RL LR LL 7 EVLA_L#B0D0#7 128 TOPO 1756.000 1000.000 128000.0 1819.5000 15 RR RL LR LL 8 EVLA_L#B0D0#8 128 TOPO 1884.000 1000.000 128000.0 1947.5000 15 RR RL LR LL Sources: 27 ID Name SpwId RestFreq(MHz) SysVel(km/s) 0 1331+305=3C286 0 1420.405752 419 0 1331+305=3C286 1 1420.405752 419 0 1331+305=3C286 2 1420.405752 419 0 1331+305=3C286 3 1420.405752 419 0 1331+305=3C286 4 1420.405752 419 0 1331+305=3C286 5 1420.405752 419 0 1331+305=3C286 6 1420.405752 419 0 1331+305=3C286 7 1420.405752 419 0 1331+305=3C286 8 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 0 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 1 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 2 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 3 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 4 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 5 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 6 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 7 1420.405752 419 1 J1330+2509 8 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 0 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 1 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 2 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 3 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 4 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 5 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 6 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 7 1420.405752 419 2 LEDA44055 8 1420.405752 419 Antennas: 27: ID Name Station Diam. Long. Lat. Offset from array center (m) ITRF Geocentric coordinates (m) East North Elevation x y z 0 ea01 W12 25.0 m -107.37.37.4 +33.53.44.2 -835.3760 -544.2316 0.5650 -1602044.902600 -5042025.803400 3554427.822700 1 ea02 W04 25.0 m -107.37.10.8 +33.53.59.1 -152.8711 -83.7955 -2.4675 -1601315.900500 -5041985.306670 3554808.309400 2 ea03 W10 25.0 m -107.37.28.9 +33.53.48.9 -619.2934 -398.4403 -0.5229 -1601814.060900 -5042012.886450 3554548.229820
From the listobs output, note the field ID for each of the sources and scan intent(s) (or source type). This information will be used for future calibration tasks and when splitting the data.
Field ID Source Scan Intent 0 3C286 flux density scale and bandpass calibrator 1 J1330+2509 complex gain (amplitude and phase) calibrator 2 LEDA44055 observe target
Since the goal of this tutorial is to find the HI (1.420405752 GHz rest frequency) spectral line in LEDA 44055, note the spw ID containing the spectral line setup. From this particular instrument configuration, the spectral line setup is spw ID 0, while spw ID's 1-8 are continuum. Make note of the spectral line setup for spw 0. This information will be used later.
spw 0 4096 channels TOPO frame indicates Barycentric Optical Doppler setting 3.906 kHz channel width indicates the resolution 16 MHz bandwidth indicates the full width of the spw 1418.3276 MHz center frequency of the spw
Step 5: Split Out the HI Line
Before we begin calibration or flagging of misbehaving antennas or RFI, we will run split to create a new smaller MS containing only the HI line (spw 0).
# Interactive CASA default split inp vis='TDEM0025.ms' outputvis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' spw=0 datacolumn='data' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
split(vis='TDEM0025.ms', outputvis='TDEM0025_HI.ms', spw=0, datacolumn='data')
Now if we run listobs on this new MS, we can see the output shows everything but the continuum spw's 1-8.
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
listobs(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms', verbose=True, listfile='listobs_HI.txt')
Step 6: Prior Calibration
In this step, we will look at the antenna layout, weather conditions during the observation, apply antenna position corrections, and generate Ionospheric TEC corrections. We will summarize gaincurve and antenna efficency, hanning smoothing, and requantizer gains and why they may not benefit L band. Next, we'll set up the flux model for the flux calibrator. Lastly, we'll do an initial assessment of the amplitude and phase versus time for all sources before the calibration stage.
Antenna configuration
Using plotants, we'll look at the overall antenna layout and chose the best reference antenna based on certain criteria. We will want to choose a reference antenna that is closer to the center of the array, so any atmospheric changes are similar for all antennas. For D and C configuration, low declination sources are subject to antenna shadowing and antennas will collect less radiation, causing lower sensitivity which may not be the best choice for the reference antenna. For this, guide we will use ea10 as the reference antenna.
# Interactive CASA default plotants inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' figfile='antlayout.png' logpos=True inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
plotants(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',figfile='antlayout.png',logpos=True)
Using flagdata with mode quack, we will flag the first 5 seconds at the beginning of each scan. Usually the array will take a few seconds to settle down at the start of a scan.
# Interactive CASA default flagdata inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' mode='quack' quackinterval=5.0 quackmode='beg' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
flagdata(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',mode='quack',quackinterval=5.0,quackmode='beg')
Opacities and weather conditions
Using plotweather, we'll look at weather conditions throughout the observation that may affect the data. plotweather provides an estimate of the opacity, units in nepers. Atmospheric opacity attenuates incoming radiation and observations at different elevations affect the flux density scale of sources. For lower frequency observation (Ku and lower), this attenuation is small and opacity corrections are usually skipped. Luckily for L band, weather conditions do not significantly affect (unless it’s snow, rain, or strong winds) the data.
# Interactive CASA default plotweather inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' plotName='TDEM0025weathercond.png' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
plotweather(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',plotName='TDEM0025weathercond.png')
Using plotms, we'll create an elevation versus time plot for all sources. This plot provides a good visual aide of how far the calibrators are from the source since this will impact calibration accuracy. We will also want to keep in mind any data observed close to the horizon for further flagging. Criteria for the complex gain (amplitude and phase) calibrator should be closer to the source to obtain a similar environment of changes in amplitude and phase that will be applied to the source.
# Interactive CASA default plotms inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' xaxis='time' yaxis='elevation' correlation='RR,LL' avgchannel='64' coloraxis='field' plotfile='elevationvstime.png' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
plotms(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',xaxis='time',yaxis='elevation',correlation='RR,LL',avgchannel='64',coloraxis='field',plotfile='elevationvstime.png')
Applying antenna position corrections
We will apply antenna position corrections using gencal which queries the VLA Archive: Baseline Corrections.
# Interactive CASA default gencal inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' caltype='antpos' caltable='antpos.cal' antenna='' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
gencal(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',caltype='antpos',caltable='antpos.cal',antenna='')
gencal will report into the casalogger if there are any antenna position corrections found. In this case, there are position corrections for antenna ea25 that are saved into the calibration table antpos.cal and will be applied in a later stages using applycal and gaincal.
2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO gencal::::+ ########################################## 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO gencal::::+ ##### Begin Task: gencal ##### 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO gencal:::: gencal(vis="TDEM0025_HI.ms",caltable="antpos.cal",caltype="antpos",infile="",spw="", 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO gencal::::+ antenna="",pol="",parameter=[],uniform=True) 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO calibrater::open ****Using NEW VI2-driven calibrater tool**** 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO calibrater::open Opening MS: TDEM0025_HI.ms for calibration. 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO Calibrater:: Initializing nominal selection to the whole MS. 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO gencal:::: Determine antenna position offsets from the baseline correction database 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO gencal:::: offsets for antenna ea25 : -0.00200 0.00000 -0.00120 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO calibrater::specifycal Beginning specifycal----------------------- 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO Creating KAntPos Jones table from specified parameters. 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO Writing solutions to table: antpos.cal 2019-03-25 21:52:22 INFO gencal:::: ##### End Task: gencal #####
Ionopsheric TEC(total electron content) calibration
The Total Electron Content (TEC) is the total number of electrons present along a path between a radio source and receiver. Using a casapy recipe, we will import the tec_maps function which will open the .ms to determine the date of observation, connect to the IGS website, and generate a TEC surface image (IGS_TEC.img) and a TEC error image(RMS_TEC.im).
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
# Within CASA
from recipes import tec_maps
tec_image, tec_rms_image,plotname = tec_maps.create(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms', doplot=True)
# plot the TEC values using casaviewer
viewer('TDEM0025_HI.ms.IGS_TEC.im')
#TEC rms
viewer('TDEM0025_HI.ms.IGS_RMS_TEC.im')
Using the tec_image generated, we'll create the ionospheric corrections calibration using gencal and apply the caltable at a later stage.
# Interactive CASA default gencal inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' caltype='tecim' caltable='tecim.cal' infile='tec_image' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
gencal(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms', caltype='tecim', caltable='tecim.cal',infile=tec_image)
Antenna gain-elevation curve calibration
With elevation, the effective collecting area and net surface accuracy of antennas varies as gravity deforms the surface of the non-rigid antenna. The antenna gain-elevation curve calibration affects higher frequencies where the deformations represent a greater fraction of the observing wavelength.
Requantizer gains calibration
Requantizer gain corrections account for gain changes that occur when resetting the quantizer gains as the correlator changes to a new 3-bit configuration. Requantizer gains need to be redetermined after a change of tuning, including when returning to the original observational setup. To create a calibration table containing corrections for the requantizer gains one would use gencal with caltype=’rq’. However, since this observation uses 8-bit setup this step can be skipped.
Hanning Smoothing
Hanning smoothing removes amplitude spikes and decreases the spectral resolution. Therefore for spectral analysis, this smoothing procedure is not recommended.
Initial Flux Density Scaling
Using setjy, we will list available models and set the model for the flux calibrator. By setting listmodels=True, setjy will show all available models for specific calibrators with specific bands in the Perley-Butler 2017 standard. setjy will look within the directory in which CASA was run for *.im *.mod files for user-defined models or images. If none are found, setjy will confirm this.
# Interactive CASA default setjy inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' listmodels=True inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
setjy(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',listmodels=True)
#terminal output No candidate modimages matching '*.im* *.mod*' found in . Candidate modimages (*) in /home/casa/data/distro/nrao/VLA/CalModels: 3C138_A.im 3C138_L.im 3C138_U.im 3C147_C.im 3C147_Q.im 3C147_X.im 3C286_K.im 3C286_S.im 3C48_A.im 3C48_L.im 3C48_U.im 3C138_C.im 3C138_Q.im 3C138_X.im 3C147_K.im 3C147_S.im 3C286_A.im 3C286_L.im 3C286_U.im 3C48_C.im 3C48_Q.im 3C48_X.im 3C138_K.im 3C138_S.im 3C147_A.im 3C147_L.im 3C147_U.im 3C286_C.im 3C286_Q.im 3C286_X.im 3C48_K.im 3C48_S.im README
Using setjy, we will set the model for the flux calibrator 3C286 (field='0') which was observed in L band.
# Interactive CASA default setjy inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' listmodels=False field='0' model='3C286_L.im' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
setjy(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',model='3C286_L.im',field='0',listmodels=False)
Within the casalogger, setjy outputs the flux in Jy for Stokes I for a specific frequency.
2019-03-26 17:32:38 INFO imager Using channel dependent flux densities 2019-03-26 17:32:38 INFO imager Selected 68796 out of 831168 rows. 2019-03-26 17:32:38 INFO imager 1331+305=3C286 (fld ind 0) spw 0 [I=15.028, Q=0, U=0, V=0] Jy @ 1.4103e+09Hz, (Perley-Butler 2017) 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO imager Using model image /home/casa/data/distro/nrao/VLA/CalModels/3C286_L.im 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO imager Scaling spw(s) [0]'s model image by channel to I = 15.0281, 14.9855, 14.9431 Jy @(1.41037e+09, 1.41838e+09, 1.42638e+09)Hz (LSRK) for visibility prediction (a few representative values are shown). 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO imager The model image's reference pixel is 0.000254726 arcsec from 1331+305=3C286's phase center. 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO imager Will clear any existing model with matching field=1331+305=3C286 and spw=* 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO Clearing model records in MS header for selected fields. 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO 1331+305=3C286 (id = 0) not found. 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO imager Selected 68796 out of 831168 rows. 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO setjy ##### End Task: setjy ##### 2019-03-26 17:32:58 INFO setjy ##########################################
initial inspection of amplitude versus time.
Let's look at amplitude variations with respect to time for each field. We will want to flag significant variations in amplitude and keep track of reccuring antennas/timeframes/frequencies so these may by flagged as a collection of an issue. By setting colors per baseline, we notice that there are two antennas that are pretty noisy. Within the plotms GUI, click on the Mark Regions icon, select a few points of the widely varying amplitude, use the Locate icon to output information on the data, and assess common details of the data. We notice that ea16 and ea24 cause significant noise seen in Figure 6 .
# Interactive CASA default plotms inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' xaxis='time' yaxis='amp' correlation='RR,LL' selectdata=True avgchannel='64' coloraxis='baseline' iteraxis='field' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
plotms(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',field='1,2',correlation='RR,LL',selectdata=True,avgchannel='64',coloraxis='baseline')
Within the Data tab exclude ea16 and ea24 by typing !ea16,ea24 in the antenna selection. Re-plotting, we can see the overall amplitude are less variable as seen in Figure 7. Using flagdata, we will flag ea16 and ea24.
# Interactive CASA default flagdata inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' mode='manual' antenna='ea16,ea24' action='apply' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
flagdata(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',mode='manual',antenna='ea16,ea24',action='apply')
Now that we have flagged these antennas, we will iterate through each field for a further assessment. Overall LEDA44055 and the complex gain calibrator are decent. Though for 3C286 there's a timerange that has a lower amplitude at the beginning of scan 2 seen in Figure 7.
# Interactive CASA default plotms inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' xaxis='time' yaxis='amp' correlation='RR,LL' selectdata=True avgchannel='64' coloraxis='field' iteraxis='field' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
plotms(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',xaxis='time',yaxis='amp',correlation='RR,LL',selectdata=True,avgchannel='64',coloraxis='field',iteraxis='field')
For 3C286, we will want to flag the timerange='2017/07/31/23:12:13.5000' due to the varying amplitude. This data can be flagged interactively in plotms by selecting the Mark Regions icon and using the the flag icon. The flagcmd can also be used to flag this time frame.
# Interactive CASA default flagdata inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' mode='manual' scan='2' field='1331+305=3C286' timerange='2017/07/31/23:12:13.5000' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
flagdata(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',mode='manual',scan='2',field='1331+305=3C286',timerange='2017/07/31/23:12:13.5000')
Re-plotting amplitude versus time for all fields, overall the amplitudes are much better. Now, we will inspect phase versus time for all fields.
Initial inspection of phase versus time.
Iterating through the phase versus time plots for each field, J1330+2509 has a few gaps in phase at the beginning of scan 21. We will flag this time range for J1330+2509 with flagdata .
# Interactive CASA default plotms inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' xaxis='time' yaxis='phase' correlation='RR,LL' selectdata=True avgchannel='64' coloraxis='field' iteraxis='field' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
plotms(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',xaxis='time',yaxis='phase',correlation='RR,LL',selectdata=True,avgchannel='64',coloraxis='field',iteraxis='field')
# Interactive CASA default flagdata inp vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms' mode='manual' scan='13' field='J1330+2509' timerange='2017/08/01/00:05:19.5000' inp go
# Psuedo-interactive CASA
flagdata(vis='TDEM0025_HI.ms',mode='manual',scan='21',field='J1330+2509',timerange='2017/08/01/00:47:25.5000')
Re-plotting phase versus time for all fields, overall the phases for all sources are now pretty decent. Now that we have completed initial calibration we will proceed to bandpass calibration.