First Look at Imaging

About this Guide

The purpose of this tutorial is to provide a first look at imaging ALMA data for those new to CASA.

Data delivered by ALMA is pre-calibrated either by ARC staff or by the ALMA calibration pipeline. The delivered data is ready for imaging. This tutorial demonstrates the basic procedures that will help you complete the imaging steps.

This guide covers the same material used in hands-on training sessions at NRAO Community Days events and ALMA Data Reduction tutorials presented by NAASC staff.

The "Imaging Tutorials for CASA Beginners" guides work for CASA versions 5.0, 5.1, and 5.4, and possibly earlier versions. The task tclean is only available in CASA 4.7 and later.

Getting CASA

If you do not already have CASA installed on your machine, you will have to download and install it.

Download and installation instructions are available here:

http://casa.nrao.edu/casa_obtaining.shtml

About the Sample Data: Continuum and N2H+ in TW Hydra

The data for this example comes from ALMA Project 2011.0.00340.S, "Searching for H2D+ in the disk of TW Hya v1.5", for which the PI is Chunhua Qi. Part of the data for this project has been published in Qi et al. 2013.

The original observation had three scientific objectives:

1. Image the submm continuum structure in TW Hydra
2. Image the H2D+ line structure (rest frequency 372.42138 GHz)
3. Image the N2H+ line structure (rest frequency 372.67249 GHz)

The data used in our tutorial has already been calibrated. Furthermore, to make the data set more manageable, we have reduced it in size by averaging in time and frequency. Our goal will be to image the continuum emission and the N2H+ spectral line, which is bright and well suited for demonstrating the imaging techniques.

The spectral window we will image covers 234.375 MHz in bandwidth, and contains 384 channels spaced by 610 kHz. The data includes observations from 21 of the ALMA 12-m main array antennas, observed during Early Science Cycle 0.

Getting the Data

The data used in this tutorial is part of a larger data package used for NRAO calibration and imaging tutorials. If you plan on working through all of the "First Look" tutorials for CASA beginners, it is worth downloading the entire package now. If you plan on working through just this imaging tutorial then you can download a smaller data package (see below).

The complete package (4.1G) is available here:

https://bulk.cv.nrao.edu/almadata/public/working/sis14_twhya.tgz

You can then unpack the data as follows:

# In bash
tar xvzf ss_alma_data_v1p2.tar.gz

For the imaging tutorial, we are interested in the data that have been pre-flagged and calibrated. The relevant data set is called "sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms". You should copy this data set into a new working directory, and you will start CASA from that directory.

# In bash
tar -xvf sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.tar
mkdir MyTutorial
cd MyTutorial
cp -r ../working/sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms .

Alternatively, if you do not want to download the full 4.1G data package, you can download just the smaller data file (600M) needed specifically for this tutorial as follows:

# In bash
mkdir MyTutorial
cd MyTutorial
wget -r -np -nH --cut-dirs=4 --reject "index.html*" https://bulk.cv.nrao.edu/almadata/public/working/sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms/

Or you can download the file via your browser at the following links: https://bulk.cv.nrao.edu/almadata/public/working/sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms.tar

Starting CASA

At this point you should be working in a unix shell from the directory that contains the data. An "ls" command should show you the data file "sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms" in the current working directory.

# In bash
ls

And now you can start CASA:

# In bash
casa

You will notice that CASA opens a message window, for feedback from CASA tasks. The CASA prompt is presented in the terminal window. CASA is running on a python interpreter, so python syntax is valid here.

When you are finished working with your data, you can end your CASA session by typing "exit" at the command prompt.

Some CASA basics

A complete description of CASA is available in the cookbook. Here we will touch on a couple of useful concepts to get us started.

A few unix commands work directly in CASA, for example you can try the "ls" command and the "pwd" command:

# In CASA
ls
pwd

You can access all operating system commands as follows:

# In CASA
os.system('ls')

It is often convenient to store CASA instructions in a python script. If you have such a script, it can be executed using the following syntax:

# In CASA
# if you are running this as an extracted script, comment this line out
execfile('my_script.py')

Using tasks, and getting oriented with the data

The first step in all data reduction with CASA is to examine the header information and data structure for the data set using the listobs task. In CASA, there are two ways to execute tasks. You can either set the parameters one-by-one and then instruct CASA to "go" when you're ready, or you can execute the task with a single command. For example, here is how you can use the first method:

# In CASA
inp listobs
vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms'
go

And here is an example of running the listobs task with a single call from the command line:

# In CASA
listobs(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms')

The output for listobs is printed to the CASA Message window.

Note that you can get help on any CASA task:

# In CASA
help listobs

The listobs output for our data set is as follows:

================================================================================
                   MeasurementSet Name:  /lustre/naasc/sciops/qa2/dkim/casa_testing/MyTutorial/sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms      MS Version 2
================================================================================
   Observer: cqi     Project: uid://A002/X327408/X6f  
Observation: ALMA
Computing scan and subscan properties...
Data records: 80563       Total elapsed time = 5647.68 seconds
           Observed from   19-Nov-2012/07:36:57.0   to   19-Nov-2012/09:11:04.7 (UTC)

           ObservationID = 0         ArrayID = 0
          Date        Timerange (UTC)          Scan  FldId FieldName             nRows     SpwIds   Average Interval(s)    ScanIntent
          19-Nov-2012/07:36:57.0 - 07:39:13.1     4      0 J0522-364                 4200  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_BANDPASS#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      07:44:45.2 - 07:47:01.2     7      2 Ceres                     3800  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_AMPLI#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      07:52:42.0 - 07:53:47.6    10      3 J1037-295                 1900  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      07:56:23.5 - 08:02:11.3    12      5 TW Hya                    8514  [0]  [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:04:36.3 - 08:05:41.9    14      3 J1037-295                 1900  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:08:09.6 - 08:13:57.3    16      5 TW Hya                   10360  [0]  [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:16:20.6 - 08:17:26.2    18      3 J1037-295                 2100  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:19:53.9 - 08:25:41.7    20      5 TW Hya                   10321  [0]  [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:28:17.1 - 08:29:22.6    22      3 J1037-295                 2100  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:32:00.5 - 08:37:48.2    24      5 TW Hya                   10324  [0]  [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:40:11.9 - 08:41:17.4    26      3 J1037-295                 2100  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:43:45.6 - 08:49:33.4    28      5 TW Hya                    9462  [0]  [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:51:57.1 - 08:53:02.6    30      3 J1037-295                 1900  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      08:58:12.0 - 09:00:28.1    33      6 3c279                     3402  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_BANDPASS#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      09:01:35.7 - 09:02:41.2    34      3 J1037-295                 1900  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
                      09:05:15.6 - 09:07:31.6    36      5 TW Hya                    4180  [0]  [6.05] [OBSERVE_TARGET#ON_SOURCE]
                      09:09:59.1 - 09:11:04.7    38      3 J1037-295                 2100  [0]  [6.05] [CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE,CALIBRATE_WVR#ON_SOURCE]
           (nRows = Total number of rows per scan) 
Fields: 5
          ID   Code Name                RA               Decl           Epoch   SrcId      nRows
          0    none J0522-364           05:22:57.984648 -36.27.30.85128 J2000   0           4200
          2    none Ceres               06:10:15.950590 +23.22.06.90668 J2000   2           3800
          3    none J1037-295           10:37:16.079736 -29.34.02.81316 J2000   3          16000
          5    none TW Hya              11:01:51.796000 -34.42.17.36600 J2000   4          53161
          6    none 3c279               12:56:11.166576 -05.47.21.52464 J2000   5           3402
Spectral Windows:  (1 unique spectral windows and 1 unique polarization setups)
          SpwID  Name                           #Chans   Frame   Ch0(MHz)  ChanWid(kHz)  TotBW(kHz) CtrFreq(MHz) BBC Num  Corrs  
          0      ALMA_RB_07#BB_2#SW-01#FULL_RES    384   TOPO  372533.086       610.352    234375.0 372649.9688        2  XX  YY
Sources: 5 
          ID   Name                SpwId RestFreq(MHz)  SysVel(km/s)
          0    J0522-364           0     -              -            
          1    Ceres               0     -              -           
          2    J1037-295           0     -              -            
          3    TW Hya              0     -              -            
          4    3c279               0     -              -           
Antennas: 21:
          ID   Name  Station   Diam.    Long.         Lat.                Offset from array center (m)                ITRF Geocentric coordinates (m) 
                                                                             East         North     Elevation               x               y               z
          1    DA42  A050      12.0 m   -067.45.16.2  -22.53.29.3         43.0352     -744.9713       21.6702  2225079.880016 -5440041.377534 -2481724.598031  
          2    DA44  A068      12.0 m   -067.45.20.6  -22.53.25.7        -82.4232     -631.7828       23.5810  2224981.097784 -5440131.250387 -2481621.066374  
          3    DA45  A070      12.0 m   -067.45.11.9  -22.53.29.3        166.1833     -743.4934       19.8811  2225193.450167 -5439993.764157 -2481722.540534  
          4    DA46  A067      12.0 m   -067.45.12.7  -22.53.27.2        142.4097     -678.7318       20.1280  2225181.070532 -5440026.290790 -2481662.975103  
          5    DA48  A046      12.0 m   -067.45.17.0  -22.53.29.3         21.4267     -742.7987       21.6757  2225060.202580 -5440050.344436 -2481722.598651  
          6    DA49  A029      12.0 m   -067.45.18.2  -22.53.25.8        -12.9134     -636.4552       22.1350  2225044.239583 -5440102.022535 -2481624.808405  
          7    DA50  A045      12.0 m   -067.45.17.9  -22.53.30.1         -5.4183     -767.4398       22.6034  2225032.051652 -5440052.426015 -2481745.660003  
          9    DV02  A077      12.0 m   -067.45.10.1  -22.53.25.9        217.6299     -637.5333       15.8376  2225255.259272 -5440008.987869 -2481623.352052  
          11   DV05  A082      12.0 m   -067.45.08.3  -22.53.29.2        269.0433     -740.9521       15.7832  2225287.593766 -5439952.243679 -2481718.605314  
          12   DV06  A037      12.0 m   -067.45.17.5  -22.53.28.8          6.7403     -727.3003       21.2086  2225048.729287 -5440061.085777 -2481708.139136  
          14   DV08  A021      12.0 m   -067.45.17.2  -22.53.27.0         14.3196     -672.8108       21.3420  2225063.814715 -5440077.948261 -2481657.992572  
          15   DV10  A071      12.0 m   -067.45.19.9  -22.53.23.5        -60.7887     -563.2541       23.3799  2225011.141945 -5440147.560932 -2481557.855663  
          16   DV13  A072      12.0 m   -067.45.12.6  -22.53.24.0        147.1742     -580.5887       18.1825  2225199.254375 -5440058.161494 -2481571.803699  
          17   DV15  A074      12.0 m   -067.45.12.1  -22.53.32.0        161.8159     -828.6196       18.7688  2225176.483514 -5439963.820451 -2481800.529842  
          18   DV16  A069      12.0 m   -067.45.21.3  -22.53.30.2       -101.4797     -770.1047       23.2972  2224942.993176 -5440088.421459 -2481748.384855  
          19   DV17  A138      12.0 m   -067.45.17.1  -22.53.34.4         19.1461     -901.2603       26.0137  2225036.269025 -5439997.853009 -2481870.267607  
          20   DV18  A053      12.0 m   -067.45.17.3  -22.53.31.2         12.5939     -802.9941       21.5281  2225043.111690 -5440031.889497 -2481777.995870  
          21   DV19  A008      12.0 m   -067.45.15.4  -22.53.26.8         67.5592     -667.6872       20.9574  2225113.709955 -5440059.310545 -2481653.122797  
          22   DV20  A020      12.0 m   -067.45.17.8  -22.53.28.0         -2.9649     -703.4389       21.6629  2225043.419055 -5440073.737929 -2481686.333574  
          24   DV22  A011      12.0 m   -067.45.14.4  -22.53.28.4         95.9131     -716.5005       21.0898  2225132.810230 -5440031.115405 -2481698.143589  
          25   DV23  A007      12.0 m   -067.45.15.1  -22.53.27.3         74.0152     -681.2926       21.3231  2225117.809276 -5440052.280005 -2481665.799049

Inspecting the data

The plotms task is an important and versatile tool that allows the user to look at the UV data in a graphical manner. Let's start by plotting the UV coverage for our data.

<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-uv-coverage_5.4.png">

UV coverage for the TW Hya data set.

</figure>

# In CASA
plotms(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms', xaxis='u', yaxis='v', avgchannel='10000', avgspw=False, avgtime='1e9', avgscan=False, coloraxis="field", showgui=True)

You should see a GUI as in Figure 1. The colors in the UV coverage plot identify different observing targets.

At this point, you can experiment with the plotms GUI. For example, it is often interesting and useful to examine the plot of amplitude vs. UV distance. Select the "Axes" tab, then set the X Axis to UVDist and the Data setting to "Amp". Under the "Page" tab, set Iteration Axis to "Field". Then click the Plot button. You can step through the different calibrators and science targets using the green arrow buttons at the bottom of the plotms GUI. Notice that for some sources, including Ceres, we can see the amplitude change as a function of UV distance. These sources are resolved, and we will see this clearly in the imaging below.

First Look at TCLEAN

Starting with CASA 4.7, the imaging capabilities of clean have been refactored and improved in a task called tclean, which is called by the user in largely the same way as clean. In this guide, we will use solely tclean. In the guide TCLEAN and ALMA, the differences in syntax between clean and tclean are made more explicit. For reference, legacy first look guides for older versions of CASA that use clean rather than tclean for imaging are kept in Archived ALMA CASAguides.

In this dataset, the phase calibrator is identified by field 3. Let's image this calibrator into an image file called "phase_cal". First, in case you've run this task before, let's remove old versions of the image that use this name. (The ".*" is needed because imaging produces several files with the same root name).

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf phase_cal.*')

Now we will use the task tclean to do the imaging. Here is an explanation of how we set some of the parameters; see the documentation for a complete list of tclean options.

• We will first image the phase calibrator, and set the image name to "phase_cal". To identify the phase calibrator in a measurement set, look at the 'ScanIntent' column in the output of listobs. The phase calibrator should have the intent "CALIBRATE_PHASE#ON_SOURCE". In this MS, the phase calibrator is J1037-295, identified by field = "3".
• We will use multifrequency synthesis (specmode = mfs) to make a single continuum image. Multifrequency synthesis combines data from all selected spectral channels into a single continuum image. If your observations cover a large frequency range, it is possible that the amplitude or structure of the source can change substantially with frequency. This is only a concern if the fractional bandwidth (delta_nu/nu_center) is greater than 10%. For this dataset it is not an issue. Therefore, we set deconvolver=hogbom, which uses nterms=1, telling tclean that each deconvolved component has a single amplitude at all frequencies.
• We will image a single pointing, so we set gridder='standard'.
• We set the cell size to 0.1 arcseconds, which places ~5 pixels across a beam. As a rule of thumb, we'd like ~5 pixels across the smallest direction of our elliptical beam. For a small dataset, you may be able to determine a good cell size with a quick imaging call, and note the beam calculated by tclean. For many ALMA projects, however, this could take a substantial amount of time! You can estimate what the cell size should be by looking again at the uv-coverage. Change the x-axis to uvwave, and the cell size is roughly 206265/(longest baseline in wavelengths)/(number of cells across the beam). For this MS, this works out to 0.09", which we round up to 0.1". As you will see, tclean reports a synthesized beam size of 0.58" x 0.51", making this choice just right.
• We set the image size to 128x128 (but note that factors of 2 are not magic for CASA). This is enough to cover most of the primary beam at the observing frequency, but we might want to image a wider field for a non-point source. Image sizes can be arbitrary but should be symmetrical. Good practice is probably to round up to the nearest 10 or 100 pixels and if tclean does not like your choice, it will recommend in the logger window a better choice.

The tclean task will start in interactive mode, which allows you to manually control the threshold, major cycles, and masking. For users familiar with clean, note that in contrast with the clean task, leaving niter (the maximum number of iterations) unset defaults to niter=0, and tclean is being told not to do any cleaning. If there are no clean components in the model -- for instance if this is the first invocation of tclean on this field and spectral window for the given set of visibilities (MS) -- then what will be created is the dirty cube or image. Here, we first run tclean with niter unset.

# In CASA
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms',
       imagename='phase_cal',
       field='3',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       gridder='standard',
       imsize=[128,128],
       cell=['0.1arcsec'],
       weighting='natural',
       threshold='0mJy',
       interactive=True)

CASA is sure to tell you that you haven't done any cleaning with the following warning:

WARN task_tclean	Restoring with an empty model image. Only residuals will be processed to form the output restored image.

Run the command again, this time with niter set to some (large) number:

<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-phase-cal-clean_5.4.png">

The tclean GUI showing the clean mask (white oval) circling the emission region.

</figure>

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf phase_cal.*')

tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms',
       imagename='phase_cal',
       field='3',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       gridder='standard',
       imsize=[128,128],
       cell=['0.1arcsec'],
       weighting='natural',
       threshold='0mJy',
       niter=5000,
       interactive=True)

After running the tclean task, you will be presented with the GUI as shown in Figure 2. In the TCLEAN viewer, make sure that your buttons are set to add a new oval mask region. You may need to click on the icon showing the "R" in an oval. Remember that the secondary calibrator has been selected because it is a point source, so at this point you should see a point source in the middle of the field. Draw an oval mask around the emission region (just the central dot). Double click inside the oval and watch it turn white (See Figure 2). When setting the clean mask, you should aim to capture the real emission and not much else. In the "Next Action" section of the GUI, you will notice several control buttons. Hit the green circle button to begin the cleaning process. This will run a major cycle of cleaning and then return. After the first round of cleaning, the plot displays the residual emission after the major cycle. Compare the brightness of the residuals with that of the source. When you are satisfied (or when tclean has met the residual threshold, 0 mJy by default - meaning that it stops at the first negative), click the red "X" and tclean will terminate. In this example, two rounds of cleaning work well. For more complex targets you may need many rounds of cleaning, and it is possible to update and add new tclean regions after each major cycle, based on the look of the residuals.

Have a quick look at the files that tclean has created.

# In CASA
ls

All the resulting files have the "phase_cal" prefix, with different extensions:

• .image is the final cleaned image
• .mask shows the clean mask, or the area that tclean cleaned
• .model is the set of modeled clean components used by tclean (in Jy/pixel)
• .pb shows the primary beam response
• .residual shows what was left after you stopped tclean (the "dirty" part of the final image)
• .psf shows the synthesized beam
• .sumwt is a single pixel image containing sum of weights per plane

So much good stuff. You can look at all of these using the CASA viewer. From within CASA, the viewer can be started with "viewer()", or "imview()". You can also start the viewer as a stand-alone unix utility using the unix command "casaviewer". Here, let's examine the tcleaned image:

# In CASA
imview("phase_cal.image")

Look at the other images now by loading them interactively using the viewer. Use the GUI to load several images, and then use the tape deck to control which image is actively displayed in the panel.

Experiment with TCLEAN

tclean includes a lot of options. Remember, you can see the list of inputs for the task by typing "inp tclean". Now is a good time to get a feel for what these options can do. One option that is very commonly tweaked by the user is the weighting scheme used to grid the UV data into a fourier-plane image. This weighting was "natural" in the first example (by default). Try changing it to "briggs" here and try a few different values of the robust parameter. Pay attention to how the beam size changes, as well as the noise in the final image. You can check the noise level using the viewer -- draw a box on the image and look at the 'Statistics' tab in the 'Regions' box image statistics in that region (if you don't see a 'Regions' box, turn it on through the 'View' drop-down menu at the top of the viewer GUI).

Remove old versions of the image in case you have run this before:

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf phase_cal_robust.*')

Call tclean with briggs weighting and robust = -1. Make a clean mask and run a few cycles of tclean, until you are happy with the level of the residuals:

<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-phase-cal-robust_5.4.png">

Viewer image of the phase calibrator after tclean with briggs weighting.

</figure>

# In CASA
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms',
       imagename='phase_cal_robust',
       field='3',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       gridder='standard',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       imsize=[128,128],
       cell=['0.1arcsec'],
       weighting='briggs',
       robust=-1.0,
       threshold='0mJy',
       niter=5000,
       interactive=True)

Look at the results:

# In CASA
imview("phase_cal_robust.image")

Now is a good time to experiment a bit with tclean - try imaging the other calibrators (fields 0 and 2; check the 'ScanIntent' again in the listobs output) and making the image size and cell size larger and smaller.

For example, let's look at the marginally-resolved primary (flux) calibrator, Ceres (field 2; 'ScanIntent' = 'CALIBRATE_AMPLI#ON_SOURCE'):

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf amp_cal_robust.*')

tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms',
       imagename='amp_cal_robust',
       field='2',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       gridder='standard',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       imsize=[128,128],
       cell=['0.1arcsec'],
       weighting='natural',
       threshold='0mJy',
       niter=5000,
       interactive=True)

imview("amp_cal_robust.image")

Notice that Ceres is somewhat resolved, as we saw from the plotms plots above.

If you try a really big pixel size you will see things break. It is recommended to have the pixel size small compared to the synthesized beam for tclean purposes (tclean quantizes the deconvolution in units of pixels). When the pixel size is big compared to the synthesized beam the imaging in general will degrade, even independent of how you tclean.

<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-amp-cal-big-pix_5.4.png">

Viewer image of the amplitude calibrator after tclean with a large pixel size.

</figure>

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf amp_cal_bigpix.*')

tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms',
       imagename='amp_cal_bigpix',
       field='2',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       gridder='standard',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       imsize=[32,32],
       cell=['0.5arcsec'],
       weighting='natural',
       threshold='0mJy',
       niter=5000,
       interactive=True)

imview("amp_cal_bigpix.image")

To see the issues clearly here, compare the beam in this image to the one in the first image we made (with 5x smaller pixels).

ASIDE: See the effects of calibration and flagging

This section gives an aside intended to demonstrate the effect of calibration. If you are focused on learning only imaging, feel free to skip this section.

The data that we are imaging went through a careful and detailed calibration process. What effect did this actually have? Let's image the secondary calibrator with and without calibration and with and without flagging just to get an idea of how our processing changed the final image.

First you need to copy the uncalibrated data from the working directory. This step will differ depending on where you are storing the data. The net result we want is to have a copy of the uncalibrated data in the current working directory.

If you downloaded the full data package, copy the uncalibrated data to your current working directory.

# In CASA
tar -xvf ../working/sis14_twhya_uncalibrated.ms.tar
os.system("rm -rf sis14_twhya_uncalibrated.ms")
os.system("cp -r ../working/sis14_twhya_uncalibrated.ms .")

If you downloaded only the calibrated data set, you can use "wget" again to download the uncalibrated data at this time:

# In bash
 % wget -r -np -nH --cut-dirs=4 --reject "index.html*" https://bulk.cv.nrao.edu/almadata/public/working/sis14_twhya_uncalibrated.ms/

Or you can download the file via your browser at the following links: https://bulk.cv.nrao.edu/almadata/public/working/sis14_twhya_uncalibrated.ms.tar

Now let's TCLEAN the uncalibrated data, again focusing on the secondary calibrator (field 3) and using the same calls as before.

<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-phase-cal-uncalibrated_5.4.png">

Viewer image of the phase calibrator without any calibration.

</figure>

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf phase_cal_uncalibrated.*')
tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_uncalibrated.ms',
       imagename='phase_cal_uncalibrated',
       field='3',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       gridder='standard',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       imsize=[128,128],
       cell=['0.1arcsec'],
       weighting='natural',
       threshold='0mJy',
       niter=5000,
       interactive=True)

If you can find a source to tclean then more power to you, but this is a mess. It's a good thing that we calibrated... In the raw (but still Tsys and WVR corrected) data you can see echos of the calibrator throughout the field, but the calibration is required to make the image coherent. Inspect the imaged uncalibrated data using the CASA viewer:

# In CASA
imview("phase_cal_uncalibrated.image")

Now let's see the effect that flagging had on the data. Use wget to download the unflagged data to our local directory:

# In bash
 % wget -r -np -nH --cut-dirs=4 --reject "index.html*" https://bulk.cv.nrao.edu/almadata/public/working/sis14_twhya_calibrated.ms/

Or you can download the file via your browser at the following links: https://bulk.cv.nrao.edu/almadata/public/working/sis14_twhya_calibrated.ms.tar

Now image the calibrated but unflagged data for the secondary calibrator using the same parameters as before.

<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-phase-cal-unflagged_5.4.png">

Viewer image of the phase calibrator without any flagging of bad data.

</figure>

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf phase_cal_unflagged.*')

tclean(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated.ms',
       imagename='phase_cal_unflagged',
       field='3',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       gridder='standard',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       imsize=[128,128],
       cell=['0.1arcsec'],
       weighting='natural',
       threshold='0mJy',
       niter=5000,
       interactive=True)

imview("phase_cal_unflagged.image")

In contrast to the uncalibrated data, the unflagged data are coherent, but they have clear artifacts in the residuals. Flagging has definitely improved the quality of the data, but in overall good quality data like we have here, we can see the target source.

Image the science target

Of course, the whole point of calibration is to calibrate the science data. Here, the TW Hydra observations use field 5, which we know from the output of listobs, above. As the final step in the basic imaging tutorial, let's now image the continuum in TW Hydra. First, we will "split out" the science data into its own data set using the CASA task split. While not strictly necessary, this is a common step that makes managing the data easier. At the same time we will smooth (i.e. average) the data in frequency using width=8 to do the averaging. This reduces the data volume without losing much information, since we are really only interested in continuum imaging at this point. Although this data set was already designed to be manageable, this smoothing trick is good to keep in mind because ALMA can produce very large data sets.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_smoothed.ms')

split(vis='sis14_twhya_calibrated_flagged.ms', field='5', width='8', outputvis='twhya_smoothed.ms', datacolumn='data')

listobs('twhya_smoothed.ms')

Now make a continuum image of the split-out data. Notice that TW Hydra has now been re-labeled as field 0 in the new data set because we split out only that field. Again we will use the multifrequency synthesis mode ("mfs") and we will use both a somewhat smaller pixel size and a somewhat bigger image size than above (because TW Hydra is extended and the beam will be somewhat smaller due to our use of "briggs" weighting). Again, specify interactive mode and leave the threshold unset for the time being.

<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-twhydra-cont_5.4.png">

Continuum image for TW Hydra.

</figure>

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_cont.*')

tclean(vis='twhya_smoothed.ms',
       imagename='twhya_cont',
       field='0',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       gridder='standard',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       imsize=[250,250],
       cell=['0.08arcsec'],
       weighting='briggs',
       robust=0.5,
       threshold='0mJy',
       niter=5000,
       interactive=True)

Draw a clean mask around the visible emission using the mask tools and then run tclean until the emission from the TW Hydra disk is less than or comparable to the residuals around it. In this interactive mode of cleaning, you decide when tclean should stop, and at that point you hit the red X. If instead you did want to clean automatically down to a threshold, you can specify a threshold that is a small multiple of the rms noise either in the call to tclean above or by typing it in to the viewer window.

Have a look at the image - TW Hydra is very bright and you can see that it is extended relative to the size of the beam, which is represented by an oval at the bottom of the panel. The residuals aren't perfect, but we will improve them in subsequent lessons.

# In CASA
imview("twhya_cont.image")

But wait! you might be asking. Didn't you say that there are spectral lines in this spectral window? Yes, the spectral window that we have imaged here as continuum also contains a N2H+ emission line. In this case, the N2H+ emission is faint enough that neglecting to flag the line channels before imaging makes no difference to the final continuum image. For this and the other continuum first look tutorials, we have thus ignored the line to focus on the basic steps of imaging and self-calibration. In general, however, you should flag channels containing emission lines in your own data prior to imaging the continuum. To see how to flag line emission prior to imaging the continuum in a spectral window, please see the more advanced tutorial at IRAS16293_Band9_-_Imaging.

Non-interactive clean

So far we have mostly followed an interactive process with tclean. tclean can also be set up to run without interactive guidance. The three main parameters to specify are the threshold at which to stop (when the maximum residual in the tclean region is lower than this threshold, tclean stops), the mask (the region in which tclean is willing to identify signal), and the maximum number of iterations. The max iterations is not strictly required and it is generally recommended that it be used as more of a failsafe. That is, set it to a number so high that if tclean gets there something has gone wrong.

First let's take a stab at determining a clean mask. Look at the image you just made. All of the obvious emission is contained in a box that is bounded by pixel numbers in a range of something like (100,100) to (150,150). We'll set that box to be a mask using the "mask" parameter in the call to tclean. You could also set it by supplying a file (for example the one created from your earlier interactive version of tclean).

Now let's determine a stopping threshold for tclean. Again, look at the previous image using imview and draw a box well away from the source to estimate the noise. Like before, look at the 'Statistics' tab in the 'Regions' box of the viewer to find the RMS noise. We see something like ~7 mJy/beam. Set the threshold to be about twice this, ~15 mJy/beam. A clean threshold several times the rms noise is usually recommended to avoid adding false sources to the deconvolved image. That is, you do not want tclean to treat a random noise spike as a source and deconvolve it from the image. This can be particularly problematic if you are doing self-calibration (a later lesson). Finally set niter=10000, which is a lot of iterations. We expect tclean to terminate before reaching this. For our purposes this is just a big number that's designed to keep tclean from running forever.

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_cont_auto.*')

tclean(vis='twhya_smoothed.ms',
       imagename='twhya_cont_auto',
       field='0',
       spw='',
       specmode='mfs',
       gridder='standard',
       deconvolver='hogbom',
       imsize=[250,250],
       cell=['0.08arcsec'],
       mask='box [ [ 100pix , 100pix] , [150pix, 150pix ] ]',
       weighting='briggs',
       robust=0.5,
       threshold='15mJy',
       niter=10000,
       interactive=False)

imview('twhya_cont_auto.image')

Look ma, no hands!

This noninteractive mode can save you a lot of time and has the advantage of being very reproducible. Note that you also have a "hybrid" mode available by starting the tclean process with interactive=True, but then click the blue arrow button in the top right corner. This tells tclean to proceed until it hits the maximum number of iterations or the threshold. This combination mode is nice because you can manually draw the mask used to tclean. Note that you can also manually set both the threshold and the maximum number of iterations (which is the product of the number of major cycles and the iterations per cycle) in the viewer GUI. Note, however, that best practice for an image with uncertain calibration and especially one with a bright source, is to clean interactively at least the first time. In the case where an image may be "dynamic range limited" (i.e., the quality is set by the accuracy of calibration and deconvolution) it can be hard to predict the correct threshold.

As the cleaning cycles proceed, the residuals in the image should decrease. You can check this in the tclean output in the logger; if the residuals start to increase you may need to change your stopping threshold.

Primary beam correction

An important subtlety of tclean (and clean) is that by default the image produced by tclean is not corrected for the primary beam (the field of view) of the individual dishes in the array. The primary beam response is typically a Gaussian with value 1 at the center of the field. To form an astronomically correct image of the sky, the output of tclean needs to be divided by this primary beam (or, in the case of mosaics, the combination of primary beam patterns used to make the mosaic). For tclean, there are two ways to do this.

First, you can set the parameter pbcor = True when running tclean. This will produce an additional image with the extension .image.pbcor, which is the cleaned image corrected for the primary beam.

Second, CASA stores the primary beam information needed to make this correction in the file with the .pb extension. The CASA task impbcor can be used to combine the .pb image with the output image from TCLEAN to produce a primary-beam corrected image.

First remove the old primary beam corrected image if it exists

# In CASA
os.system('rm -rf twhya_cont.pbcor.image')

Now correct the image:

<figure id="Imaging-tutorial-pb-correct_5.4.png">

Continuum image for TW Hydra, corrected for the primary beam.

</figure>

# In CASA
impbcor(imagename='twhya_cont.image',
        pbimage='twhya_cont.pb',
        outfile='twhya_cont.pbcor.image')

Inspect the output image

# In CASA
imview('twhya_cont.pbcor.image')

It's often very convenient to work in images before primary beam correction because the noise is the same across the field (e.g., this is a clean data set to search for signal) but it's very important to remember to apply this correction before calculating fluxes or intensities for science.