Antennae Band7 - Calibration for CASA 3.3: Difference between revisions

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[[Category:ALMA]][[Category:Calibration]][[Category:Spectral Line]]
[[Category:ALMA]][[Category:Calibration]][[Category:Spectral Line]]
*'''This script assumes that you have downloaded Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSAndTablesForReduction.tgz from [[AntennaeBand7#Obtaining_the_Data]]'''
*'''Details of the ALMA observations are provided at [[AntennaeBand7]]
*'''This portion of the guide covers calibration of the raw visibility data. To skip to the imaging portion of the guide, see: [[Antennae Band7 - Imaging]]'''.


==Overview==
==Overview==


This section of the '''[[AntennaeBand7]]''' CASA Guide will cover the calibration of the raw visibility data.  To skip to the imaging portion of the guide, see: '''[[Antennae Band7 - Imaging]]'''.
This part of the Antennae Band 7 CASA guide will step you through the calibration of the visibility data. We will begin by flagging (marking as bad) data known to be useless before any inspection, for example data where one telescope blocks the line of sight of another. Then we will apply telescope-generated calibration tables to partially correct for atmospheric effects. After inspecting the data, we will flag some additional data that exhibit pathologies. Then we will use observations of the calibrators Titan and 3c279 to derive the phase and amplitude response of individual antennas as a function of time and frequency ("phase", "amplitude", and "bandpass" calibrations). We will apply these to the data and then extract the calibrated source data into a file appropriate for imaging.
If you have not already downloaded the raw data, you may do that now by clicking on the region closest to your location and downloading the file named 'Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction.tgz':
 
The general procedure in this guide follows the other ALMA CASA guides: [[NGC3256Band3]] and [[TWHydraBand7]].
 
==Unpack the Data==
 
Once you have downloaded the Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction.tgz, unpack the file in a terminal outside CASA using
 
<source lang="bash">
 
tar -xvzf Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction.tgz
 
</source>
 
then change directory to the new directory 
 
<source lang="bash">
 
cd Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction
 
</source>
 
You may wish to type


[http://almascience.nrao.edu/almadata/sciver/Antennae North America]
<source lang="bash">
[http://almascience.eso.org/almadata/sciver/Antennae Europe]
[http://almascience.nao.ac.jp/almadata/sciver/Antennae  East Asia]


Once the download has finished, unpack the file in a terminal outside CASA using 'tar -xvzf Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction.tgz' and  change directory (cd) to
ls
the directory Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction. Then start CASA with the 'casapy' command.


The data have already been converted to CASA Measurement Set (MS) format using the CASA task {{importasdm}}. Accompanying the data are some basic calibration tables you will need for the following reduction, specifically, the Tsys and WVR calibration tables.
</source>
 
to look at the files present. You should see a set of files with extension ".ms". These are CASA measurement set (MS) files. The data have already been converted to MS format from the native ALMA format using the CASA task {{importasdm}}. In addition to the data, we provide you with calibration tables containing system temperature (Tsys), water vapor radiometer (WVR), and antenna position information. For Early Science, these tables will either be pre-applied or supplied with the data.
 
To begin, start CASA by typing
 
<source lang="bash">
 
casapy
 
</source>
 
Be sure that you are using the version indicated at the top of this page.


==Initial Inspection==
==Initial Inspection==
We will eventually concatenate the ten datasets used here into two large datasets corresponding to the northern mosaic (NGC 4038) and the southern mosaic (NGC 4039). However, we will keep them separate for now until imaging. We start by defining an array "basename_all" that includes the names of the ten measurement sets. This will simplify the following steps by allowing us to loop through the files using a simple 'for' loop in python.  Remember that if you log out of CASA, you will have to re-issue the array "basename_all". 
 
First we will take stock of what we have. If you have not already done so, begin by reviewing the description of the observations here: [[AntennaeBand7]]. The 10 data sets each target either the Northern or the Southern Mosaic, as follows:
 
Northern Mosaic:
*uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.ms
*uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a.ms
*uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9.ms
*uid___A002_X2181fb_X49.ms
 
Southern Mosaic:
*uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.ms
*uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7.ms
*uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7.ms
*uid___A002_X215db8_X18.ms
*uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5.ms
*uid___A002_X215db8_X392.ms
 
The first step is to get basic information about the data: targets observed, time range, spectral setup, and so on. We do this using the task {{listobs}}, which will output a detailed summary of each dataset. Enter the following commands into CASA:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
# Define a python list holding the names of all of our data sets
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
# Loop over each element in the list and create summary file using listobs
for asdm in basename_all:
    os.system('rm '+asdm+'.listobs.txt')
    listobs(vis=asdm+'.ms', listfile=asdm+'.listobs.txt', verbose=True)
</source>
</source>


The first step is to get some basic information about the data. We do this using the task {{listobs}}, which will output a detailed summary of each dataset.
Note that after cutting and pasting a 'for' loop like this you often have to press return twice to execute. You may also want to take care to paste a line at a time if you are having trouble copy and pasting. Even better, you can use "cpaste" to paste blocks of code. To do so type "cpaste" at the CASA prompt, paste your commands, and then type "--" and hit return on the final (otherwise empty) line. This should look something like this:
 
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
 
CASA <8>: cpaste
Pasting code; enter '--' alone on the line to stop.
:basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
:    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
:    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
:    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
:
:for asdm in basename_all:
:    print asdm
:--
uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb
uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a
uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9
uid___A002_X2181fb_X49
uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8
uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7
uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7
uid___A002_X215db8_X18
uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5
uid___A002_X215db8_X392
 
CASA <9>:
 
</pre>
 
cpaste should be ''much'' more robust than copying-and-pasting directly into the shell but if you have trouble, just carefully paste one line at a time directly into CASA and hit return until the desired command executes.
 
These commands define a python list called "basename_all", which contains the name of all 10 MS files. The "for" loop executes for each element in basename_all, calling listobs and directing the output to a file called, e.g., "uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.listobs.txt" for the first measurement set. You can browse through the listobs output as you would normally look at a text file (use emacs, vi, or another editor). You can also send the output to the terminal from inside of CASA. To do so type:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
cat uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.listobs.txt
        listobs(vis=asdm+'.ms')
</source>
 
or
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
os.system('more uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.listobs.txt')
</source>
</source>


Note that after cutting and pasting a 'for' loop you often have to press return twice to execute.
CASA knows a few basic shell commands like 'cat', 'ls', and 'rm' but for more complex commands you will need to run them inside 'os.system("command")'. For more information see http://casa.nrao.edu/ .
The output will be sent to the CASA [http://casa.nrao.edu/docs/userman/UserMansu41.html#UserMansu42.html logger].  You will have to scroll up to see the individual output for each of the datasets.


Here is an example of the (abridged) output from {{listobs}} for the first dataset in the list, uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.ms (northern mosaic).
Here is an example of the (abridged) output from {{listobs}} for the first dataset in the list, uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.ms, which targets the Northern Mosaic. You would see this if you had specified '''verbose''' to be False in the listobs call:


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
Line 96: Line 192:
</pre>
</pre>


This output shows that three sources were observed: 3c279, Titan, and NGC4038 (Antennae northern galaxy).  Source id 0 (3c279) will serve as the gain calibrator and bandpass calibrator; source id 1 (Titan) will serve as the flux calibrator; and source id 2 (NGC 4038) is, of course, the science target.  Note that the source id 2 is composed of a number of field ids, each corresponding to a different pointing in the mosaic. In particular, a total of 23 pointings can be found in the northern mosaic (NGC 4038), and 29 pointings in the southern mosaic (NGC 4039).
And here is an extract from the full '''verbose''' {{listobs}} for uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.ms, which targets the Southern Mosaic (note that we have snipped out the record of individual scans):


Note that in the data there are more than two spectral windows IDs even though the observations were set up to have two spectral windows. The first one, with spectral id equal to 1, is centered on the CO(3-2) emission line in the Antennae, in the Lower Side Band (LSB). There is also one additional spectral window, with spectral id 3, in the Upper Side Band (USB). The spectral resolution and total bandwidth of these two spectral windows are 488.28 MHz and 1.875 GHz (3840 channels, FDM mode), respectively, corresponding to 0.426 km/s and 1634 km/s. In the original datasets there are also two spectral windows (spectral ids 5 and 7) fully covering spectral windows 1 and 3, but in TDM mode (2 GHz bandwidth, 128 channels) instead of FDM, which are used to derive the Tsys calibration tables. We provided in Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction.tar.gz the Tsys calibration tables to apply (asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm'), so there is no need to use these spectral windows anymore.
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
Also, we find spectral windows 2, 4, 6 and 8, which contains channel averages of spectral windows 1, 3, 5 and 7, respectively, but these are not useful for the offline data reduction. Spectral window 0 contains the WVR data, but these are provided in the form of a calibration table (asdm+'.wvr.cal') in Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction.tar.gz as well. 


The final column of the listobs output in the logger (not shown above) gives the scan intent. This information is used later to flag the pointing scans and the hot and ambient load calibration scans, using scan intent as a selection option. Also these intents will be used in the future for pipeline processing.  
================================================================================
          MeasurementSet Name:  /export/lustre/aleroy/Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction/uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.ms      MS Version 2
================================================================================
  Observer: Unknown    Project: T.B.D. 
Observation: ALMA
Data records: 175615      Total integration time = 4927.1 seconds
  Observed from  28-May-2011/02:50:18.2  to   28-May-2011/04:12:25.3 (UTC)


A total of 11 antennas were used for the dataset listed above.  Note that numbering in python always begins with "0", so the antennas have IDs 0-10.  To see what the antenna configuration looked like at the time of this observation, we will use the task {{plotants}} (Figure 1).
<snip>


[[File:Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.ANT.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 1. Position of antennas in dataset uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb, as obtained using task {{plotants}}]]
Fields: 33
  ID  Code Name                RA              Decl          Epoch  SrcId nVis 
  0    none 3c279              12:56:11.16657 -05.47.21.5247 J2000  0    12232 
  1    none Titan              12:42:44.82765 -01.43.41.4224 J2000  1    10615 
  2    none 3c279              12:56:11.16600 -05.47.21.5250 J2000  2    27764 
  3    none Antennae            12:01:53.17008 -18.52.37.9200 J2000  3    4829 
  4    none Antennae            12:01:52.18699 -18.53.30.3952 J2000  3    3883 
  5    none Antennae            12:01:52.64413 -18.53.26.6494 J2000  3    3883 
  6    none Antennae            12:01:53.10127 -18.53.22.9035 J2000  3    3872 
  7    none Antennae            12:01:53.55841 -18.53.19.1577 J2000  3    4818 
  8    none Antennae            12:01:54.01554 -18.53.15.4119 J2000  3    4829 
  9    none Antennae            12:01:54.47268 -18.53.11.6661 J2000  3    4829 
  10  none Antennae            12:01:54.92982 -18.53.07.9203 J2000  3    3872 
  11  none Antennae            12:01:55.38696 -18.53.04.1744 J2000  3    3883 
  12  none Antennae            12:01:55.84409 -18.53.00.4286 J2000  3    4840 
  13  none Antennae            12:01:56.30123 -18.52.56.6828 J2000  3    4818 
  14  none Antennae            12:01:52.18700 -18.53.22.9033 J2000  3    4829 
  15  none Antennae            12:01:52.64414 -18.53.19.1575 J2000  3    4818 
  16  none Antennae            12:01:53.10128 -18.53.15.4116 J2000  3    4818 
  17  none Antennae            12:01:53.55842 -18.53.11.6658 J2000  3    4840 
  18  none Antennae            12:01:54.01555 -18.53.07.9200 J2000  3    3872 
  19  none Antennae            12:01:54.47269 -18.53.04.1742 J2000  3    4829 
  20  none Antennae            12:01:54.92983 -18.53.00.4284 J2000  3    4829 
  21  none Antennae            12:01:55.38697 -18.52.56.6825 J2000  3    4829 
  22  none Antennae            12:01:55.84410 -18.52.52.9367 J2000  3    4829 
  23  none Antennae            12:01:51.72988 -18.53.19.1572 J2000  3    4818 
  24  none Antennae            12:01:52.18702 -18.53.15.4114 J2000  3    4829 
  25  none Antennae            12:01:52.64415 -18.53.11.6656 J2000  3    4829 
  26  none Antennae            12:01:53.10129 -18.53.07.9197 J2000  3    2266 
  27  none Antennae            12:01:53.55843 -18.53.04.1739 J2000  3    2266 
  28  none Antennae            12:01:54.01557 -18.53.00.4281 J2000  3    3212 
  29  none Antennae            12:01:54.47270 -18.52.56.6823 J2000  3    3234 
  30  none Antennae            12:01:54.92984 -18.52.52.9365 J2000  3    3212 
  31  none Antennae            12:01:55.38698 -18.52.49.1906 J2000  3    2266 
  32  none Antennae            12:01:55.84411 -18.52.45.4448 J2000  3    3223 
  (nVis = Total number of time/baseline visibilities per field)
Spectral Windows:  (9 unique spectral windows and 2 unique polarization setups)
  SpwID  #Chans Frame Ch1(MHz)    ChanWid(kHz)  TotBW(kHz)  Corrs 
  0          4 TOPO  184550      1500000      7500000    I 
  1        3840 TOPO  344845.586  488.28125    1875000    XX  YY 
  2          1 TOPO  343908.086  1875000      1875000    XX  YY 
  3        3840 TOPO  356845.586  488.28125    1875000    XX  YY 
  4          1 TOPO  343908.086  1875000      1875000    XX  YY 
  5        128 TOPO  344900.518  15625        2000000    XX  YY 
  6          1 TOPO  343892.705  1796875      1796875    XX  YY 
  7        128 TOPO  356900.518  15625        2000000    XX  YY 
  8          1 TOPO  343892.705  1796875      1796875    XX  YY 
Antennas: 11:
  ID  Name  Station  Diam.    Long.        Lat.       
  0    DV02  A015      12.0 m  -067.45.15.3  -22.53.26.0 
  1    DV04  J505      12.0 m  -067.45.18.0  -22.53.22.8 
  2    DV06  T704      12.0 m  -067.45.16.2  -22.53.22.1 
  3    DV07  A004      12.0 m  -067.45.15.9  -22.53.28.0 
  4    DV08  A072      12.0 m  -067.45.12.6  -22.53.24.0 
  5    DV09  A008      12.0 m  -067.45.15.4  -22.53.26.8 
  6    DV10  A009      12.0 m  -067.45.16.1  -22.53.26.1 
  7    DV11  A016      12.0 m  -067.45.16.4  -22.53.25.1 
  8    PM01  T702      12.0 m  -067.45.18.6  -22.53.24.1 
  9    PM02  A017      12.0 m  -067.45.15.9  -22.53.26.8 
  10  PM03  J504      12.0 m  -067.45.17.0  -22.53.23.0 
</pre>
 
This output shows that three sources were observed in each data set: 3c279, Titan, and the Antennae.
 
* The '''Antennae''' are our science target. Note that the source name changes between the Northern Mosaic, where it is "NGC4038 - Antennae", and the Southern Mosaic, where it is just "Antennae". Also note that the source corresponds to a number of individual fields (see the Field ID column). These are the individual mosaic pointings. There are 23 for the Northern Mosaic and 29 for the Southern Mosaic.
* '''Titan''' is observed once and will be used to set the absolute flux scale of the data.
* '''3c279''' plays two roles: it will serve as our bandpass calibrator, to characterize the frequency response of the antennas, and because it is fairly close on the sky to the Antennae (18.6 degrees away) it will serve as our secondary calibrator (also referred to as the "phase calibrator" or "gain calibrator"), to track changes in the phase and amplitude response of the telescopes over time. Observations of 3c279 are interleaved with observations of the Antennae.
 
The output also shows that the data contain many spectral windows. Using the labeling scheme in the listobs above these are:
 
* '''spw 0''' targets ~185 GHz and holds water vapor radiometer data
* '''spw 1''' and '''spw 3''' hold our science data. These are "Frequency Domain Mode" (FDM) data with small (0.49 MHz) channel width and wide (1.875 GHz) total bandwidth. As a result these have a lot of channels (3840). spw 1 holds the lower sideband (LSB) data and includes the CO(3-2) line. We will focus on these data. For the CO(3-2) line the channel width corresponds to 0.426 km/s and the bandwidth of spw 1 to 1634 km/s.
* '''spw 2''' and '''spw 4''' hold frequency-averaged versions of spw 1 and 3 ("Channel 0" for those familiar with AIPS). These are used for some quick automated inspection. We will not use them here but we will carry out an equivalent inspection using spw 1.
* '''spw 5''' and '''spw 7''' hold lower a resolution processing ("Time Domain Mode", TDM) of the data from the same part of the spectrum (baseband) as spws 1 and 3. These data have only 128 channels across 2 GHz bandwidth and so have a much coarser channel spacing than the FDM data. These were used to generate the calibration tables that we include in the tarball but will not otherwise appear in this guide.
 
The final column of the listobs output in the logger (not shown above) gives the scan intent. Later we will use this information to flag the pointing scans and the hot and ambient load calibration scans.
 
We'll now have a look at the configuration of the antennas used to take the data using the task {{plotants}} (Figure 1).
 
[[File:Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.ANT.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 1.''' Position of antennas in dataset uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb obtained using task {{plotants}}]]
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
asdm=basename_all[0]
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
plotants(vis=asdm+'.ms', figfile=asdm+'.plotants.png')
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
 
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Antenna configuration for : "+asdm
    plotants(vis=asdm+'.ms', figfile=asdm+'.plotants.png')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see the antenna configuration for the next data set.")
</source>  
</source>  


This will plot the antenna configuration on your screen as well as save it under the specified filename (asdm+'.plotants.png') for future reference.
This will loop through all 10 data sets, show you the antenna position for each, and save that as a file named, e.g., "uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.plotants.png" for the first data set. The "raw_input" command asks CASA to wait for your input before proceeding. If you would prefer to just browse the .png files after the fact you can remove this. Notice that the antenna setup changes, but only slightly, over the course of the 10 data sets.
You can check using {{plotants}} for the other datasets that the configuration stays relatively constant during the course of the observations.
 
This corresponds to a configuration similar to extended configuration in ALMA cycle 0.
==How to Deal With 10 Measurement Sets==
 
It should already be clear from the initial inspection that dealing with 10 data sets at the same time can be a bit problematic. This is especially tricky in our case because the Antennae data contain two distinct sets of observations: the Northern and Southern Mosaics. The source name changes between these two scripts and there are different numbers of fields in the mosaic.
 
''As a general rule one would reduce each individual observation separately or at the very least only group data observed in a uniform way and very close in time.''
 
Unfortunately, a CASA Guide stepping through the reduction for each of 10 data sets would quickly become unwieldy. Therefore we will use a few tricks to reduce the Antennae data in a kind of batch mode. You have already seen the first trick: we can define a python list holding the names of each data set and then loop over this list to execute the same command on each data set. For example:
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
 
for asdm in basename_all:
    print asdm
</source>


==Data edition==
You only need to define your list of MS files once per CASA session. Then "basename_all" will be a variable in the casapy shell. You can check if it exists by typing "print basename_all". In the interests of allowing you to easily exit and restart CASA and pick this guide up at any point we will redefine "basename_all" in each section of the guide. Feel free to skip this step if you've already defined it in your session.


====General flagging====
This page will step you through the reduction of the whole Antennae Band 7 SV data set using these 'for' loops. We will not be able to show every diagnostic plot but we give an example of each and the syntax to generate the rest. Also please be aware that even on a very fast machine this whole process can take a while, we are simply dealing with a lot of data.


The first editing we will do is some ''a priori'' flagging with {{flagdata}} to flag shadowed data, and {{flagautocorr}} to flag the autocorrelation data contained in ALMA data, as we are only interested in the cross-correlation data. Remember that you first need to redefine the "basename_all" array if you logged out of CASA prior to starting this subsection.
One potential "gotcha" is that the source name changes between the two data sets. Therefore at several points we will break apart our loop to iterate separately over the Northern and Southern Mosaics, where the source can be referred unambiguously. Another subtle point is that 3c279 appears with two distinct field IDs in the Southern Mosaic, but only one in the Northern Mosaic. We will largely avoid this by referring to the source by its name but if you tried to use field ID numbers and mingled the two data sets this could cause confusion.
 
==''A Priori'' Flagging==
 
Even before we look in detail, we know that there are some data that we wish to exclude. We will start by flagging "shadowed" data where one antenna blocks the line of sight of another. We will also flag scans that were used to carry out pointing and atmospheric calibration, identified by their scan intent. Finally, we'll flag the autocorrelation data (the correlation of the signal from an antenna with itself) as we are only interested in cross-correlation data to make an interferometric image.
 
Start by defining our list of MS files:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
Line 130: Line 340:
</source>
</source>


Now we will loop over the datasets, running the two flagging commands:
You may want to reset the flagging if you have tried this step before and are starting over though this is not necessary on your first time through. Do so using {{flagdata}}:


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
for asdm in basename_all:
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms',mode = 'shadow', diameter=12.0, flagbackup = F,)
    print "Reseting flags for "+asdm
flagautocorr(vis=asdm+'.ms')
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms',mode='manualflag', unflag=T, flagbackup=F)
</source>
 
Then flag shadowed data using the command {{flagdata}}:
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Flagging shadowed data for "+asdm
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms',mode = 'shadow', diameter=12.0, flagbackup = F)
</source>
</source>


In the {{flagdata}} task we choose:
In the {{flagdata}} task we choose:


*vis = asdm+'.ms' : each measurement set
* '''vis''' = asdm+'.ms' : each measurement set
*mode='shadow',diameter=12.0: flag shadowed data, taking into account that antennas are 12m diameter
* '''mode''' = 'shadow',diameter=12.0: flag shadowed data, taking into account that antennas are 12m diameter
*flagbackup = F: Do not automatically backup any flag file, as we will save it together with other flag instances using {{flagmanager}} after we finish all the initial flagging in this subsection
* '''flagbackup''' = F: Do not automatically back up the flag files. We will save all of the ''a priori'' flags together using {{flagmanager}} at the end of this subsection and save some space and time.


There are a number of scans in the data that were used for pointing and atmospheric (i.e. Tsys) calibration, and are no longer needed. We can flag them using {{flagdata}} by selecting them on the 'intent' keyword:
The relevant calibration information has already been extracted from the pointing and atmospheric scans and we will not need them below. Now flag the pointing scans using {{flagdata}} in 'manualflag' mode and selecting on 'intent':


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
for asdm in basename_all:
        flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms', mode='manualflag', intent='*POINTING*',flagbackup = F)
    print "Flagging calibration scans for "+asdm
        flagdata(vis=name+'.ms', mode='manualflag', intent='*ATMOSPHERE*',flagbackup = F)
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms', mode='manualflag', intent='*POINTING*', flagbackup = F)
</source>
</source>


This time mode='manualflag', in order to flag only selected data.
Note that because the atmospheric calibration scans contain only TDM spectral windows, they will be removed automatically when we separate out the FDM data below.
 
Now flag the autocorrelation data:
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Flagging autocorrelation data for "+asdm
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms',autocorr=True,flagbackup=F)
</source>
 
Finally store the current flags information using {{flagmanager}}:


Finally we store the current flagging information using {{flagmanager}} for each dataset:
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
for asdm in basename_all:
        flagmanager(vis = asdm+'.ms', mode = 'save', versionname = 'Apriori')
    print "Backing up 'a priori' flags for "+asdm
    flagmanager(vis = asdm+'.ms', mode = 'save', versionname = 'Apriori')
</source>
</source>


Note that it is also possible to set {{flagdata}} to flagbackup=T so that it stores automatically the flags at each of the flagging steps without the need of {{flagmanager}}.
Where '''versionname''' is just the name we assign to the current flagging state in the data. We can now roll back the flags to match the current version, called 'Apriori', whenever we want. There is no reason to do this now, but the syntax would be:
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Resorting up 'a priori' flags for "+asdm
    flagmanager(vis = asdm+'.ms', mode = 'restore', versionname = 'Apriori')
</source>


==Apply Tsys and WVR calibration tables==


Tsys (system temperature) and WVR (Water Vapor Radiometer) calibration tables were included in the Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction directory, in the form  asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm' and asdm+'wvr.cal', respectively. These tables have been provided to you because they are not currently generated inside CASA. This situation will change in data taken in Early Science.
It would have been possible to set {{flagdata}} to '''flagbackup'''=T so that it stores the flags at each of the flagging step automatically, but this way it is a bit more efficient with regard to time and disk space. More important, lumping all the ''a priori'' flagging together gives us a natural point to roll back to if we get in trouble.


====Tsys calibration tables====
<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
The flagmanager task will also allow you to view the saved flagging versions,
including those created by running flagdata with flagbackup=T.


ALMA does not automatically scale the data by system temperature (Tsys) as would be done at other radio telescopes.
For example try
Tsys measurements correct for the atmospheric opacity (to first-order), both in the time and frequency domains, and put weights to the visibilities in the subsequent imaging.  The FDM (3840 channels per baseband, over 1.875 GHz) mode Tsys calibration tables were obtained using those of the TDM mode spectral windows (2 GHz, 128 channels per baseband), which we interpolated to obtain Tsys information for all the FDM channels.


We inspect the Tsys tables for the spectral window spw=1 with the task {{plotcal}}. We want to check that Tsys data have reasonable values. Estimated Tsys under average atmospheric observations for a given band can be found for example in the sensitivity calculator.
flagmanager(vis='uid___A002_X2181fb_X49.ms', mode='list')


We plot the Tsys for all the antennas and polarizations (XX and YY) as a function of frequency for the first dataset.
The output in the logger should list the Apriori flagging that we have applied.
[[File:uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.tsys-spec-fdm.cal.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 2. Example of Tsys plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic)]]
It will also indicate versions associated with any flagdata command where you
did not set flagbackup=F. Other tasks, for example applycal, will also create
flag version tables.
</pre>
 
==Examine and Apply Tsys, WVR, and Antenna Position Calibration Tables Then Split==
 
The Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction directory includes system temperature (Tsys), water vapor radiometer (WVR), and antenna position calibration tables, which appear as files with extensions '.tsys.cal.fdm', '.wvr.cal', and '.antpos'. The WVR and Tsys tables have been built from the spw 0 (WVR) and spw 5 & 7 (Tsys) data. We provide these to you because CASA does not generate them at the moment, a situation that will change soon. The Tsys calibration gives a first-order correction for the atmospheric opacity as a function of time and frequency and associates weights with each visibility that persists through imaging. The WVR calibration uses observations of the wings of the 183 GHz atmospheric water line to correct for phase variations as a function of time. The antenna position table reflects refinements in the measured positions of the antennas from those stored in the data.
 
We inspect the Tsys tables for the spectral window spw=1 with the task {{plotcal}}. We want to check that Tsys data have reasonable values and identify any unexpected features as a function of either time or frequency. To get an idea of sensible Tsys under average atmospheric observations consult the ALMA sensitivity calculator, accessible from http://www.almascience.org .
 
We start by plotting the Tsys for all the antennas and polarizations (XX and YY) as a function of time for each. Here and throughout we focus on spw 1, which contains CO(3-2):
[[File:uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.tsys_vs_time.page1.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 2a.''' Tsys vs. time plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic). First 8 antennas. Note the high y-axis values for DV04. The two different colors indicate the two polarizations (XX and YY).]]
[[File:uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.tsys_vs_time.page2.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 2b.''' Tsys vs. time plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic). Remaining antennas.]]
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
#In CASA
#In CASA
asdm=basename_all[0]
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
 


plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm',  
for asdm in basename_all:
            xaxis="freq",yaxis="amp",
    print "Plotting Tsys vs. time for "+asdm
            timerange='<1e8',spw='1',
    plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm',  
            plotsymbol=".")
    xaxis="time",yaxis="amp",
    spw='1:1200~1200',plotsymbol=".", subplot=421,
    antenna='0~7',
    iteration='antenna', figfile=asdm+'.tsys_vs_time.page1.png',
    fontsize=6.0)   
    #dummy_string = raw_input("First eight antennas for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to continue.")
    plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm',
    xaxis="time",yaxis="amp",
    antenna='8~15',
    spw='1:1200~1200',plotsymbol=".", subplot=421,
    iteration='antenna', figfile=asdm+'.tsys_vs_time.page2.png',
    fontsize=6.0)   
    #dummy_string = raw_input("Remaining antennas for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to continue.")
</source>
</source>


Here spw='1' means the spectral window where CO(3-2) is. A large value for the time range (timerange='<1e8') is chosen to force averaging within each scan in the dataset. Not averaging all scans allow us to see any large deviation as a function of time as well.  
This sequence loops over all of our files and plots Tsys as a function of time for channel 1200 in spectral window 1. In the call to {{plotcal}}:


In Figure 2, the Tsys solutions look reliable, with typical values ~150 K, except for some large values of Tsys at ~300 and 400 K (green and blue lines). By plotting each antenna individually, one finds that this corresponds to the two polarizations of DV04. Therefore, the data for that antenna will need to be flagged. There is also a mesospheric absorption line at about 345.2 GHz that makes Tsys larger, as seen in all of the other antennas. By applying the Tsys calibration tables in the data we will minimize the contribution of these absorption lines.
* '''subplot'''=421 parameter sets up a 4 x 2 panel grid.  
* '''iteration''' tells {{plotcal}} to make a separate plot for each antenna.
* '''spw''' '1:1200~1200' selects spw '1' channel 1200-1200. This allows us to cleanly separate time variations from frequency variations.


You can inspect the rest of datasets, and the
Because 8 panels is not enough to show all antennas on one page, there are two plotcal calls: one for the first 8 antennas ('''antenna'''=0~7) and one for any remaining antennas ('''antenna'''=8~15). The '''fontsize''' needs to be set to a small value or the text overlaps.


====Apply Tsys and WVR tables ====
The 'raw_input' commands will wait for you to hit Enter before issuing the next plot command. In the example above these are commented out (the leading "#" means that CASA will ignore them). If you would like to interactively cycle through the plots, uncomment them by removing the "#". Otherwise, the '''figfile''' parameter directs the output to .png files for later inspection. The easiest way to look at the 20 plots produced here is to simply inspect the .png files using your favorite viewer.


We apply next the Tsys and the WVR calibration tables to the data with the task {{applycal}}. We loop through all the datasets and sources to apply the Tsys and WVR calibration tables.
The Tsys values in Figure 2 look reliable, with typical values ~150 K except for some large values of Tsys at ~300 and 400 K for DV04. We will flag the data for that antenna later.
 
We will also want to look at Tsys as a function of frequency. The following commands step through how you would do this, but ''do not execute this command blindly!'' (just in case, we have included a "break" that you will need to remove before running or the "for" loop will simply cancel). The commands are similar to the Tsys vs. time {{plotcal}} but will take ''much'' longer to run because instead of tracking a single channel we now plot the data for all 3840 channels in spw 1. Future enhancements to CASA will make it possible to plot these data more efficiently (e.g., by stepping across channels) but for now it takes a long time to generate these plots. We have included them in the directory "tsys_plots/" in the distribution you downloaded so that you will not need to generate them yourself. If you ''really'' want to run this command, remove the "break" and run the commands:
 
<source lang="python">
#In CASA
 
for asdm in basename_all:
    break
    print "Plotting Tsys vs. frequency for "+asdm
    plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm',
    xaxis="freq",yaxis="amp",
    spw='1', plotsymbol=".", subplot=421,
    iteration='antenna', figfile=asdm+'.tsys_vs_freq.page1.png',
    antenna='0~7', fontsize=6.0)   
    #dummy_string = raw_input("Inspecting Tsys table for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to continue.")
    plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm',
    xaxis="freq",yaxis="amp",
    spw='1', plotsymbol=".", subplot=421,
    iteration='antenna', figfile=asdm+'.tsys_vs_freq.page2.png',
    antenna='8~15', fontsize=6.0)   
    #dummy_string = raw_input("Inspecting Tsys table for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to continue.")
</source>
 
[[File:uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.tsys_vs_freq.page1.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 3a.''' Tsys vs. frequency plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic). First 8 antennas. Note the high y-axis values for DV04 and the telluric ozone line near 343.2 GHz.]]
[[File:uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.tsys_vs_freq.page2.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 3b.''' Tsys vs. frequency plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic). Remaining antennas.]]
[[File:uid___A002_X215db8_X392.tsys_vs_freq.page2.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 3c.''' Tsys vs. frequency plot for uid___A002_X215db8_X392. Note the pathological behavior for DV12.]]
 
Now have a look at the Tsys vs. frequency plots or see Figure 3 for an example on the first data set. You can see the effect of a close pair of atmospheric ozone absorption lines at about 343.2 GHz that makes Tsys larger near that frequency in all antennas. Applying the Tsys calibration tables will minimize the contribution of these atmospheric lines. Again DV04 stands out with its very high Tsys.  Although not present in the first data sets, Antenna DV12 exhibits periodic spikes in Tsys vs. frequency for one polarization (see Figure 3c for an example from a later data set).  It may or may not be possible to calibrate that behavior out.  We will make a note to look carefully at DV12 further on in the calibration process.
 
We are now ready to apply the Tsys and the WVR calibration tables to the data with {{applycal}}, which reads the specified gain calibration tables, applies them to the (raw) data column, and writes the calibrated results into the corrected column. Again, we loop through all the datasets. It is important to only apply Tsys and WVR corrections obtained close in time to the data being corrected, so in addition to looping over data sets we define the list of unique source names and loop over these. Then by setting '''gainfield''' and '''field''' to the same value we ensure that Tsys and WVR calibrations are only applied to the source for which they are measured. Because the source has a different name in the Northern Mosaic and the Southern Mosaic, we will carry out two loops. We will only correct '''spw''' 1, our science window, because we will drop the other data in a moment.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
 
for fieldname in ['Titan','3c279','NGC4038*','Antenna*']:
# A new list of file names that contain only data from the Northern Mosaic
applycal(vis=asdm+".ms", spw='1',  
basename_north=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]
                                field=fieldname, gainfield=fieldname,
field_names_north = ['Titan','3c279','NGC*']
                                interp='nearest',  
 
                                gaintable=[asdm+".tsys.cal.fdm",asdm+'.wvr.cal'])
for asdm in basename_north:
    print "Apply Tsys, WVR, and Antenna Position calibrations to "+asdm
    for field in field_names_north:
        applycal(vis=asdm+".ms", spw='1',
            field=field, gainfield=["",field,field],
            interp='nearest',
            gaintable=[asdm+".antpos",asdm+".tsys.cal.fdm",asdm+'.wvr.cal'],
            flagbackup=F)
 
# A new list of file names that contain only data from the Southern Mosaic
basename_south=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
                          "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
field_names_south = ['Titan','3c279','Ant*']
 
for asdm in basename_south:
    print "Apply Tsys, WVR, and Antenna Position calibrations to "+asdm
    for field in field_names_south:
        applycal(vis=asdm+".ms", spw='1',  
            field=field, gainfield=["",field,field],
            interp='nearest',  
            gaintable=[asdm+".antpos",asdm+".tsys.cal.fdm",asdm+'.wvr.cal'],
            flagbackup=F)
 
</source>
</source>


where:
where:


*field: the field to which we will apply the calibration,  
*'''field''': the field ''to'' which we will apply the calibration,  
*gainfield: the field from which we wish to take the calibration table
*'''gainfield''': the field ''from'' which we wish to take the calibration table
*spw='1' : select only spectral window 1
*'''interp''' = 'nearest' : apply the nearest solution from the calibration table rather than interpolating.
*interp='nearest': use the interpolation mode to the 'nearest' solution.  


Now you can use {{plotms}} to show some of the before-and-after effects of applying the calibration. Just run {{plotms}} to plot the amplitude versus channel in order to check if atmospheric absorption lines have been effectively corrected.
As you browse through the whole data set, you will probably note some problems along the same lines as the DV04 issue we saw above. We'll apply these as additional data flagging in just a moment. First, with the Tsys and WVR calibrations applied successfully and the ''a priori'' flagging taken care of we will now {{split}} out the corrected data. We will keep only the corrected data, specified via '''datacolumn''', and only spectral window 1, which contains the FDM (high spectral resolution) observations of the CO(3-2) line. Setting '''keepflags'''=F tells {{split}} not to carry over any fully flagged rows from the original data set to the new MS. We give the new MS files the extension ".wvrtsys.ms" to indicate that they have been corrected for WVR and Tsys effects. Because split will not overwrite existing files, we remove any previous versions of the new MS before beginning.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
asdm=basename[0]
for asdm in basename_all:
plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms')
              field='3c279',
    print "Splitting out corrected data for "+asdm
              xaxis='channel', yaxis='amp',
    split(vis=asdm+'.ms', outputvis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',  
              selectdata=T, spw='1', correlation='XX',
        datacolumn='corrected', spw='1', keepflags=F)
              avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,
              coloraxis='baseline' )
</source>
</source>


We have chosen field='3c279', correlation='XX', and averaged over time (avgtime='1e8', avgscan=T). We plot the different baselines with a different color. If the window is still open, check 'force reload'. This will display the uncorrected phases across the band.  To display the corrected phases, you will need to select 'corrected' in the 'Data Column' field of the 'Axes' tab in {{plotms}} and re-plot.
Be patient, {{split}} may take awhile. The WVR and Tsys-corrected data now sit in the DATA column of the new measurement sets, which have only one spectral window (now labeled spectral window 0 though it was spectral window 1 in the original data). You may wish to run {{listobs}} to illustrate the changes:
The amplitude as a function of channel should look flatter with the corrected data. You can also check that the amplitude of the corrected data as a function of time (xaxis='time') is flatter as well, as we have removed part of the atmospheric contribution on the amplitude using the Tsys calibration (for example, due to different elevation of the source with time).


We also recommend to plot {{plotms}} with keywords xaxis='channel', yaxis='amp' (this time with avgchannel=3840 instead of avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T) to check the effect of the WVR corrections. We expect smaller phase scatter in the corrected data, as the effect of atmospheric fluctuations on phase (time scales of ~1 sec) is calibrated with the help of WVR.
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    os.system('rm '+asdm+'.wvrtsys.listobs.txt')
    listobs(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', listfile=asdm+'.wvrtsys.listobs.txt', verbose=True)
</source>
 
Note the new spectral window information:


==Additional individual flagging==
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">


Next we do some additional inspection using {{plotms}} in order to flag data. We will do this in the time (continuum plot) and spectral domains.  
2011-08-05 01:07:08 INFO listobs Spectral Windows:  (1 unique spectral windows and 1 unique polarization setups)
2011-08-05 01:07:08 INFO listobs   SpwID  #Chans Frame Ch1(MHz)    ChanWid(kHz)TotBW(kHz)  Ref(MHz)   Corrs 
2011-08-05 01:07:08 INFO listobs   0        3840 TOPO  344845.586  488.28125  1875000    344908.33  XX  YY 


==== Continuum plot====
</pre>
First we will plot amplitude versus time (see Figure 3), averaging over all channels of spectral window 1 (spw = 1, where the CO(3-2) line is) and colorizing by field, for example for the first dataset. Scans on Titan are colored red, the bandpass and phase calibrator 3c279 is colored black, and the different pointings of the Antennae mosaic in different colors. Figure 4 shows the phase versus time plot, with the same color.  
 
==Inspect Data==
 
We are not quite done with the original ".ms" data sets yet. Before going further it will be useful to use {{plotms}} to show the effects of applying the calibration. In the process we'll take a quick look at each antenna and search for pathologies in the data.
 
For this basic inspection, we want to compare the phase and amplitude as a function of frequency and time in the DATA and CORRECTED columns of each measurement set. The CORRECTED column has had the Tsys and WVR calibrations applied and so we expect lower phase scatter and flatter amplitude response as a function of time and frequency. We are looking for antenna-based issues, so cycling through a set of baselines that includes each antenna once will be a good start. We'll focus these plots on the phase+bandpass calibrator, 3c279, and on baselines that include antenna DV11, which we will make our reference antenna in just a bit.
 
<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
 
Each CASA Measurement Set has up to three "columns" of data: DATA, CORRECTED, and MODEL (though it is possible
for a MS to hold only a DATA column if it has not been processed at all).
 
A column entry exists for each data point (baseline, frequency, time).
 
The DATA column holds the current raw data, though using split as we just did we can change the definition of
"raw" data.
 
The CORRECTED column holds the result of applying one or more calibration tables (e.g., via applycal) to the
DATA column and so represents a corrected version of the DATA column.
 
The MODEL column holds an external estimate of what the visibilities should be for that data point. We will
set this using the task setjy, which includes a model of Titan, and during imaging.
 
To get an intuitive feel for the columns you may wish to explore using plotms (which can plot different data
columns, as seen below) or the browsetable task.
 
</pre>


Check carefully that the amplitudes and phases vary smoothly with time. The Tsys corrected data should have  approximately constant amplitudes and the WVR corrected data should usually have lower phase scatter. Note that the amplitudes in Figure 3 are decreasing, as a result of the decreasing elevation of the source. The Tsys corrected data (choose 'corrected' in Axes > Data Column in plotms) show constant amplitudes.
[[File:plotms_amp_vs_freq_example-data.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 4a.''' Example of Amplitude vs. Frequency before correction for the first Northern Mosaic data set.]]
[[File:plotms_amp_vs_freq_example-corr.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 4b.''' Same baseline as Figure 4a but now after correction using WVR and Tsys calibrations.]]


[[File:Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb-amp_vs_time-DV02%26DV07.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 3. Amplitude vs. time, for the baseline DV02&DV07 of dataset Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb, averaged over channel. DATA column (uncorrected)]]
First, we plot amplitude as a function of frequency for 3c279. We start by plotting the DATA column, set color to indicate the two correlations (i.e., the XX and YY polarizations), and ask plotms to iterate over baseline. By setting '''antenna''' to 'DV11&*' we select only baselines that include DV11. We ask plotms to average all data over a very long timescale, '''avgtime''' = 1e8 seconds ~ 3 years or much longer than the time spanned by the whole data set. By setting '''avgscan''' = True we allow {{plotms}} to average across scan boundaries. The result is a plot of average amplitude per channel vs. frequency.
[[File:Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb-pha_vs_time-DV02%26DV07.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 4. Phase vs. time, for the baseline DV02&DV07 of dataset Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb, averaged over channel. DATA column (uncorrected)]]


These are the plotms instances to produce the continuum plots, amplitude and phase versus time:
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
asdm=basename_all[0]
asdm=basename_all[0]
plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',  
plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',  
      field='3c279',
      xaxis='frequency', yaxis='amp',
      selectdata=T, spw='1',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,
      coloraxis='corr',
      iteraxis='baseline',
      antenna='DV11&*',
      ydatacolumn='data')
</source>
Notice the green arrows along the bottom of the {{plotms}} window. We asked {{plotms}} to iterate over baseline. As you click the arrows, the plot will rotate from baseline to baseline, always with DV11 so that each antenna shows up once. To see the effect of the calibration, go to the "Axes" tab along the left of the {{plotms}} window and pull down the Data Column menu under the Y Axis. Set this from DATA to CORRECTED and you should see the effects of the calibration. You may need to ensure that the "Force Reload" box is checked before clicking "Plot" (both buttons lie at the bottom of the panel). For the most part things get better (flatter), but as we noted before DV04 is problematic.
[[File:plotms_amp_vs_time_north.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 5a.''' Example of amplitude vs. time for a northern mosaic data set.]]
[[File:plotms_amp_vs_time_south.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 5b.''' Example of amplitude vs. time for a southern mosaic data set.]]
You can now make analogous calls to examine the phase vs. frequency, amplitude vs. time, and phase vs. time.
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',
      field='3c279',
      xaxis='frequency', yaxis='phase',
      selectdata=T, spw='1',
      avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,
      coloraxis='corr',
      iteraxis='baseline',
      antenna='DV11&*',
      ydatacolumn='data')
plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',
      field='3c279',
      xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
      selectdata=T, spw='1:1200~1300',
      avgchannel='1000',avgscan=F,
      coloraxis='corr',
      iteraxis='baseline',
      antenna='DV11&*',
      ydatacolumn='data')
plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',
      field='3c279',
      xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',
      selectdata=T, spw='1:1200~1300',
      avgchannel='1000',avgscan=F,
      coloraxis='corr',
      iteraxis='baseline',
      antenna='DV11&*',
      ydatacolumn='data')
</source>
Where:
* '''spw''' is set to cover only channels 1200~1300 for the time plots in order to isolate time dependent variations from frequency-dependent behavior. Those 101 channels represent only a small part of the total spw 1 bandpass.
* '''avgchannel''' set to a large number causes the plots of phase and amplitude vs. time to average data at all frequencies into a single point for each measurement.
* '''coloraxis''' corr sets the colors to correspond to the two polarizations of the data.
In each case, you will want to examine each baseline, alternating between the DATA and CORRECTED columns.
This is a lot of data inspection and that's only for one of 10 data sets! You can iterate across the data by hand, updating "asdm" to refer to each data set in order and cycling between baselines and DATA/CORRECTED. It is also possible to script CASA to show you the key plots in succession (see the next block down). However you approach the infrastructure, you are looking for:
* Improved scatter and lower variability in phase and amplitude vs. frequency and time. This indicates that the WVR and Tsys calibrations helped.
* Sudden jumps in phase or amplitude as a function of either time or frequency. These may indicate problems with the antenna during that observation.
* Large gradients, especially full wraps, in phase as a function of frequency. This may indicate a problem in the delays, the signal path length to the telescopes.
* Unusual magnitude, scatter, or patterns in any plot - though this may be better explored using plots that show all data together, which we'll make in a moment.
* Missing data. For example, if the phase calibrator drops out for a period of time we will not be able to calibrate and will need to flag the data.
As you look through, note individual potentially problematic antennas. If ''all'' antennas in a data set appear problematic it may be that your "reference" antenna, DV11 in the example above, is the source of the problem. In this case swap this reference antenna for another and see whether the problem is isolated to your original reference antenna.
<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
A brief aside on structure:
This section (Data Inspection) and the next (Apply Flags) are closely linked. We will present them as two
separate steps. The idea here is that you look through your data, note problems, and then write commands to
flag problematic data. This mimics one approach to writing data reduction scripts for CASA, where you will
group all flagging together into one convenient place. Other CASA guides take a different approach, interleaving flagging and plotting. There is no "right" answer here. Find an approach to data inspection
that works for you.
</pre>
If you do wish to semi-automate the plot generation, the following sequence will cycle between data and corrected plots for each data set in turn. Type "stop" at any input call to break out.
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
user_input = ""
for asdm in basename_all:
    # check if a stop has been requested
    if user_input == "stop":
        break
    # Extract antenna list for this data set.
    tb.open(asdm+'.ms/ANTENNA', nomodify=True)
    ants = tb.getcol('NAME')
    tb.close
    # Define the reference antenna to make baselines with
    ref_ant = 'DV11'
    # Loop over antennas
    for ant in ants:
        # Check if the user wants to stop
        if user_input == "stop":
            break
        # Skip correlation of reference antenna with itself (autocorrelations are flagged anyhow)       
        if ant == ref_ant:
            continue
        # Define the baseline with the reference antenna for current antenna
        ant_str = ref_ant+'&'+ant
        print "Showing baseline "+ant_str+" for data set "+asdm
        print "Use this to inspect effect of applying wvrcal and Tsys calibrations."
        # Loop over phase and amplitude as axes
        for y_axis in ["amp", "phase"]:
            # Make 'before' plot for frequency x-axis
            print "... "+y_axis+" vs. frequency for DATA:"   
            plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw='1', field='3c279',
              antenna=ant_str, xaxis="frequency", yaxis=y_axis,
              avgtime="1e8", avgscan=T, coloraxis="corr",
              ydatacolumn="data")
            user_input = raw_input("Hit <ENTER> to see CORRECTED data [type 'stop'+<Enter> to break out].")
            if user_input == "stop":
                break
            # Make 'after' plot for frequency x-axis
            print "... "+y_axis+" vs. frequency for CORRECTED:"
            plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw='1', field='3c279',
              antenna=ant_str, xaxis="frequency", yaxis=y_axis,
              avgtime="1e8", avgscan=T, coloraxis="corr",
              ydatacolumn="corrected")
            user_input = raw_input("Hit <ENTER> to proceed to next plot [type 'stop'+<Enter> to break out].")
            if user_input == "stop":
                break
            # Make 'before' plot for time x-axis
            print "... "+y_axis+" vs. time for DATA:"   
            plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw='1:1200~1300', field='3c279',
              antenna=ant_str, xaxis="time", yaxis=y_axis,
              avgchannel="1000", coloraxis="corr",
              ydatacolumn="data")
            user_input = raw_input("Hit <ENTER> to see CORRECTED data [type 'stop'+<Enter> to break out].")
            if user_input == "stop":
                break
            # Make 'after' plot for time y-axis
            print "... "+y_axis+" vs. time for CORRECTED:"
            plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw='1:1200~1300', field='3c279',
              antenna=ant_str, xaxis="time", yaxis=y_axis,
              avgchannel="1000", coloraxis="corr",
              ydatacolumn="corrected")
            user_input = raw_input("Hit <ENTER> to proceed to next plot [type 'stop'+<Enter> to break out].")
            if user_input == "stop":
                break
</source>
[[File:plotms_amp_vs_uvdist_north.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 6.''' Example of amplitude vs. uv-distance for 3c279 in the first northern mosaic data set.]]
[[File:plotms_amp_vs_freq_3c279.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 7a.''' Example of amplitude vs. frequency for 3c279 in the second northern mosaic data set.]]
[[File:plotms_amp_vs_freq_Titan.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 7b.''' Example of amplitude vs. frequency for Titan in the second northern mosaic data set. Note the strong line (this is CO 3-2)!]]
[[File:plotms_amp_vs_freq_Antennae.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 7c.''' Example of amplitude vs. frequency for the Antennae in the second northern mosaic data set. The CO(3-2) line is visible.]]
A detailed explanation of the procedure is a bit outside the scope of this guide (for more on python see http://www.python.org/ and for more on the CASA toolkit see http://casa.nrao.edu/), but the basic process is to loop over each data set, baseline with the reference antenna (here DV11), and y-axis of interest (phase or amplitude) then plot the effect of the calibration vs. frequency and time for each combination. Running this to step through the data will give you about 200 "before and after" plots from which you could note a subset of problematic cases to be followed up by hand. Many other strategies to inspect the data are also viable.
Next we will do a bit more inspection using {{plotms}} to look at whole data sets. This will help us identify missing data or look for egregious outliers.
First we plot amplitude versus time (see Figure 5), averaging over all channels (by setting '''avgchannel''' to the very large value 10,000). We colorize by field so that scans on Titan are red, the bandpass and phase calibrator 3c279 is black (and orange in the Southern Mosaic where it has two field IDs), and the Antennae mosaic appears as a range of colors (one per pointing).
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
             xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',  
             xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',  
            selectdata=True, spw='1', correlation='XX',antenna='*&*',
             avgchannel='10000',coloraxis='field')
             avgchannel='3840', avgscan=T,
    dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. time for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")
            iteraxis='baseline',coloraxis='field')
</source>


plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms',
Here look for:
            xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',  
 
            selectdata=True, spw='1', correlation='XX',antenna='*&*',
* Missing data. The source needs to be flanked by phase calibrator scans, if those are missing for any reason we need to flag the appropriate time range.
            avgchannel='3840', avgscan=T,
* Dramatic outliers. Does the source suddenly get very bright or the otherwise bright calibrator appear anomalously faint for a brief time? This likely indicates problematic data that should be identified and flagged. You can use the "select" (box with green plus along the bottom row in plotms) and "locate" (magnifying glass) buttons in {{plotms}} to isolate and identify problem data (it will print to the log).
            iteraxis='baseline',coloraxis='field')
* Smooth variation with time. A sudden jump may indicate a problem and often the safest approach is to flag data near a discontinuity.
 
Look through the amplitudes vs. time for each data set (remember that we've already examined the phases vs. time and amplitude vs. time for individual baselines above).
 
There are two other very useful "averaging" plots worth making. First, we plot amplitude as a function of u-v distance (projected antenna separation). Discontinuities and spikes in this plot are often from non-astrophysical sources. In the phase analog to the plot, the effects of atmospheric decorrelation can be assessed from increased scatter at longer u-v distances. While using the moon Titan as our flux calibrator, we may want to watch for flaring amplitudes at short u-v distances. These may indicate that Saturn is contaminating our beam. For a perfect, bright point source, we expect flat amplitudes as a function of u-v distance at the source amplitudes. Figure 6 shows an example of this plot, generated via:


<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
        field='3c279',
        xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp',
        avgchannel='10000',coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. time for 3c279 for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")
    plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
        field='Titan',
        xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp',
        avgchannel='10000',coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. time for Titan for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")
</source>
</source>


where:


*xaxis='time', yaxis='X'  : a plot of X (amplitude or phase) versus time.
*avgchannel='3840' : average over all the channels in the spectral window.
*spw='1', correlation='XX',antenna='*&*': Select only the spectral window 1, polarization XX and cross-correlation data.
*iteraxis='baseline',coloraxis='field': Iterate over baseline, and colorize by different fields.


Select correlation='YY' to inspect the other polarization.
It can also be useful to examine the average amplitude as a function of frequency for each target. This allows one to check for lingering atmospheric effects, unexpected line emission or absorption in the calibrators, or decreased sensitivity due to "roll-off" of the telescope sensitivity at the band edges. These plots are created by the sequence of commands below, where we have broken up the script to loop separately over the Northern and Southern Mosaics to reflect the different source names.
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
basename_north=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]
 
field_names = ["3c279","Titan","NGC*"]
 
for asdm in basename_north:
    for field in field_names:
        plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
            field=field,
            xaxis='frequency', yaxis='amp',
            avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T, coloraxis='corr')
        dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. frequency for "+field+" in "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")
basename_south=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
                          "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
field_names = ["3c279","Titan","Ant*"]
 
for asdm in basename_south:
    for field in field_names:
        plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
            field=field,
            xaxis='frequency', yaxis='amp',
            avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T, coloraxis='corr')
        dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. frequency for "+field+" in "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")
</source>
 
 
For this command notice that we can see the CO(3-2) line in the Antennae even before calibration (see Figure 7) and that Titan also shows evidence of a strong line (also Figure 7)! This will need to be flagged before we can use Titan to calibrate the flux scale of our data.


Especially important is to look that there are no sudden phase jumps or decrease in amplitude, larger scatter in phase for the gain calibrator (probably as a result of decorrelation due to weather conditions, which will be more relevant for the longest baselines), and that enough phase calibrator visibilities are available to calibrate the source data. In case you find any of these problems, you may want to flag the data.
This suite of plots (along with the earlier inspection of the Tsys tables) gives us the tools we need to identify problematic data through the data sets. We use this to generate a set of inspection-driven {{flagdata}} commands for each data set. We apply these before the bandpass and gain calibration.


==== Spectral plot====
==Apply Flagging==


Second we plot the amplitude and phase versus frequency for the two correlations,  XX and YY. Figure 5 and 6 show an example of spectral plot for the bandpass and phase calibrator 3c279, for both correlations. Again, since this source is a quasar, the  amplitudes should be constant (Tsys corrected) and phases varying smoothly with frequency.  
Based on this inspection and the other plots we have made, we now flag problematic portions of the data. We break up the flags by reason for flagging in order to illustrate the process. As you reduce your own data it may be more efficient to group flags by data set and make use of the flagcmd command. Except for the "post-calibration" flagging, the inspection plots that we just looked through have already revealed all of the problems that we flag. We structure the guide so that the flagging is grouped in one place.


These are the task instances to obtain these plots:
As before, we may wish to reset our flags before beginning (particularly if one iterates this process) via:


[[File:id_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb-amp_vs_channel-DV02%26DV07.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 5. Amplitude vs. Frequency for spw=1, baseline DV02&DV07 of dataset Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb, averaged over time]]
[[File:id_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb-pha_vs_channel-DV02%26DV07.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 6. Phase vs. Frequency for spw=1, baseline DV02&DV07 of dataset Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb, averaged over time]]
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
plotms(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',
            xaxis = 'frequency',yaxis = 'phase',
            field='3c279'
            avgtime = '1e8',avgscan = T,
            selectdata=True, antenna = '*&*',
            iteraxis='baseline')


plotms(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
            xaxis = 'frequency',yaxis = 'amp',
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
            field='3c279'
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
            avgtime = '1e8',avgscan = T,
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
            selectdata=True, antenna = '*&*',
 
            iteraxis='baseline')
for asdm in basename_all:
    flagdata(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag', unflag= T, flagbackup = F)
 
</source>
</source>


where:
Remember that we dropped the flagged data when splitting out after the WVR and Tsys calibration, so this should not undo your "A Priori" flagging of shadowed data, autocorrelations, etc.. In any case this unflagging step is not necessary during the first iteration.


* xaxis = 'frequency',yaxis = 'X': plot X (amplitude or phase) versus frequency
* '''Edge Channels'''
* field = '3c279': plot only our bandpass and phase calibrator
* avgtime = '1e8',avgscan = T: average all scans and integrations
* antenna = '*&*: plot only cross-correlation data
* iteraxis='baseline': iterate for each baseline


There are no large phase delays found in any of the datasets (i.e., usually less than one wrap over the bandpass), so bandpass calibration should remove this effect properly.
ALMA's sensitivity decreases near the edge of the baseband and it is often useful to check for a 'roll-off' in sensitivity near the edge of the band. This will appear as a downturn in amplitude as a function of channel near the edge of the window in the uncalibrated data, as a flaring due to increased noise at the spw edges in the calibrated data. It will also be visible in the amplitude part of the bandpass calibration table. Because our FDM spw does not cover the full baseband, we do not see a strong roll off in our data (see Figure 8a), where there is only a mild hint of a roll-off at the high end) but we do flag a (very) few channels at the high and low-frequency edge of the data set to be safe.


Using these plots we look for channels that would need to be flagged, for example, in the edges of the band, or as a result of spurious interferences.
[[File:amp_vs_channel_example.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig 8a.''' Amplitude vs. channel for one uncalibrated antenna pair. This kind of plot can be inspected to get an idea of the presence or magnitude of any roll-off in sensitivity near the edges of the spectral window.]]


You can plot other sources as well. By selecting any pointing of Antennae, you should be able to see clearly the (still uncalibrated) CO(3-2) line.
<source lang="python">
The flux calibrator also present some emission line in this spectral window, that will need to be flagged (check the flux calibration subsection).
# In CASA


====Individual Flagging====
for asdm in basename_all:
    flagdata(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',spw = '0:0~7,0:3831~3839', flagbackup = F)


First we use {{flagdata}} to remove the edge channels from both sides of the bandpass:
</source>
 
* '''Problematic Tsys measurements'''
 
Above we noted issues with the Tsys measurements for both DV04 and DV12. We flag the affected data. Each of these issues should be visible in the Tsys plots you made above (e.g., see Figure 3).


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
flagdata(flagbackup = F,vis = asdm+'.split.ms',spw = '1:0~7,1:3831~3839')
 
asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag',antenna='DV04', flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV04',flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X215db8_X18"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X215db8_X392"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
 
</source>
</source>


Continue to inspect the data with {{plotms}}, plotting different axes and colorizing by the different parameters. Don't forget to average the data if possible to speed the plotting process.
* '''Unreliable Short-Spacing Measurements on Titan'''
The time ranges to insert in flagdata can be obtained using plotms Tools Hover/Display.  Instead of using the following {{flagdata}} commands, you can also flag by hand in {{plotms}}. To do this, select your bad data by clicking on the 'Mark Regions" button, then on 'Flag".
 
[[File:amp_vs_uv_titan_obs.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig 8b.''' Observed amplitude vs. uv-distance for observations of Titan in the first data set. Note the scatter for low projected antenna separations. We will flag these short-spacing data, which may reflect contamination by Saturn, and use only the more extended baselines for flux calibration.]]


[[File:AntennaeDataInspection-Band7.txt‎]] contains the different problems that have been identified for all the datasets.
Saturn may contaminate the short u-v spacings from Titan. In any case these often show significant scatter (Figure 8b), so we flag them. There are still enough baselines to determine a good amplitude calibration for each antenna.
We indicated how to flag the bad data in different instances of the flagdata command. For example, for the first dataset
we find that DV04 Tsys is too large in comparison with the other antennas. Also, in the continuum phase plot of all baselines * & PM03, we find that corr=YY for the spw=3 need to be flagged. In the spectral amplitude plot, it is possible to discern some spurious interferences in a few channels. Finally we flag the data with mode='manualflag' and selecting the data to flag. Finally, we save the flag version using flagmanager.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb"
asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb"
flagdata(vis = asdm+'.ms',mode='manualflag',flagbackup = F,antenna='DV04')
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~50', flagbackup = F)
flagdata(vis = asdm+'.ms',mode='manualflag',flagbackup = F,
 
                antenna='PM03',correlation='YY',spw='3')
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms', flagbackup=F, antenna=['DV12','PM03'],    
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~40', flagbackup = F)
                  spw=['0:639~640;1663~1664;2431~2432','1:1146~1147;2182~2184'])
 
flagmanager(vis =asdm+'.ms',mode = 'save',versionname = 'FlagFinal')
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~50', flagbackup = F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~30', flagbackup = F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~50', flagbackup = F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~30', flagbackup = F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~30', flagbackup = F)
</source>
 
* '''Delay Issues'''
 
[[File:phase_vs_freq_DV13.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig 9.''' Phase vs. frequency for DV13 in a data set where this antenna shows evidence of imperfect delay calibration.]]
 
DV13 and a few other antennas show signatures of an imperfect delay calibration. This is most easily identified via strong "wrapping" of phase as a function of frequency. Such effects can be calibrated out with mild delay issues largely accounted for by the bandpass solution. The phase wrapping in DV13 seems weak enough that we will trust the calibrations to remove it. For a more extreme example see the CASA guide describing the calibration of [[NGC3256Band3]].
 
* '''Missing Phase Calibrator Observations'''
 
[[File:amp_vs_time_missing_scans.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig 10.''' Amplitude vs. time colored by field for a data set where the final visit to the phase calibrator is missing. We will flag the last set of source data to ensure that each visit to the source is flanked in time by visits to the phase calibrator.]]
 
As a general rule, we want to be sure that observations of the phase calibrator (3c279) bracket each source observation. Two of the data sets do not include a final phase calibrator observation (see Figure 10) and for those two cases we flag the affected source observations.
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',timerange='00:53:47~01:08:00',flagbackup = F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X215db8_X18"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='DV10',timerange='19:46:20~20:34:40',flagbackup=F)
</source>
 
* '''Unexpected Scatter or Discontinuity in the Data'''
 
For several antennas we find sudden jumps in the phase of the phase calibrator as a function of time, these are visible in the plots of uncalibrated phase vs. time for single baselines above and we show an example in Figure 11. It will not be possible to effectively interpolate the phase between measurements when we see these discontinuities. The safest approach is to flag the source data across these jumps. We do so here (though note that the last two flaggings are borderline cases).
 
[[File:phase_vs_time_DV09.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig 11.''' Phase vs. time for DV09 on a problematic day. It may prove problematic to calibrate the data near this discontinuity so we flag data near this time.]]
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='DV09', timerange='21:24:09~21:35:35', flagbackup = F)
 
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='DV09',timerange='23:30:52~24:10:00',flagbackup=F)
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='PM01',timerange='23:16:50~24:10:00',flagbackup=F)
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='PM03',timerange='23:16:50~24:10:00',flagbackup=F)
 
</source>
</source>


Other minor problems that are reported for this dataset are: 1) in the spectrum phase plot: DV02 10 degrees peak to peak noise in one of the correlations and 2) in the continuum phase plot: *&DV09, there is a sudden change of ~  200 deg. at 2:03:20, but these can be calibrated.
* '''Outliers Visible After Calibration'''
 
[[File:amp_vs_uvdist_outliers.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig 12.''' Amplitude vs. u-v distance ''after'' calibration. Note the outlying data. We track these down using the select (box with green "+") and locate (magnifying glass) features inside plotms and identify several problematic baselines across our data. ''Note that you cannot make this plot at this point in the guide, these pathologies become evident after calibration, requiring an iterative approach to reduction.'']]


====Split the Tsys/WVR calibrated data====
Often issues with the data may become evident after calibration (i.e., after the next few steps that we apply). These data can appear as outliers in diagnostic plots for the calibrated data or even show up in the imaging stages. Once these are identified, best practice is to apply this new flagging then redo the calibration (if the issue is very minor, then re-calibrating may not be necessary).
We split out the CORRECTED_DATA column with the task {{split}}. This will get rid of the extraneous spectral windows, including the channel averaged spectral windows and spw 0, which is the one that contained the WVR data.  We give the resulting datasets the extension ".split.ms". Since split will not overwrite existing files, we start by removing any previous versions of the measurement sets created in this step before running the split command again.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',timerange='21:18:00~21:22:15', flagbackup=F)
asdm="uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV01&DV04', flagbackup=F)
</source>
Now that we've applied our flagging, back up the flags as version "User" using {{flagmanager}}:
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
for asdm in basename_all:
os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.split.ms')
    flagmanager(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='save',versionname ='User')
split(vis=directory+asdm+'.ms', outputvis=asdm+'.split.ms',  
 
                datacolumn='corrected', spw='1')
</source>
</source>


The WVR and Tsys tables are now applied in the DATA column of the new measurement sets (i.e. asdm+'.split.ms'). That will contain only one spectral window, spectral window 0 (the previous spectral window 1), containing the window where the CO(3-2) line information is.
Applying this flagging will remove the most egregious pathologies from the data. We are now ready to calibrate the data.


==Bandpass and gain calibration==
==Bandpass Calibration==


Next we plot the phase as a function of time and frequency for the bandpass calibrator, 3c279. For the first plot, Figure 7, we use avgscan=T and avgtime='1e8' to average in time over all scans and integrations, and we specify coloraxis='baseline' to colorize by baseline. For the second, Figure 8, we use spw='0:40~3800' and avgchannel='3840' to average over the central channels of the first spectral window.  For both plots we will iterate on antenna (interaxis='antenna'). Use the green arrows of the plotms GUI to view the plots for different antennas.
We begin by calibrating the phase and amplitude response of each antenna as a function of frequency, called "bandpass calibration." We have already seen that the data contain smooth but systematic variations in both phase and amplitude as a function of frequency. We can see this again in a more compact form by plotting phase as a function of frequency for all baselines associated with each antenna (Fig. 13).


[[File:Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb-phasecont.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 7. Phase vs. time for the phase calibrator, 3c279. Averaged over channel. Only baselines with antenna DV02, and corr='XX']]
[[File:plotms_phase_vs_freq_example.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 13.''' Phase vs. frequency for the bandpass calibrator, 3c279 in the first data set. We plot all baselines with DV02, averaged over time, and show only the 'XX' correlation.]]
[[File:Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb-bandpass.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 8. Phase vs. frequency for the phase calibrator, 3c279. Averaged over time, and corr='XX']]


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]


plotms(vis= asdm+'.split.ms',  
for asdm in basename_all:
    plotms(vis= asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',  
             xaxis='freq', yaxis='phase',  
             xaxis='freq', yaxis='phase',  
             selectdata=True, field='3c279', corr='XX', antenna='*&*',
             selectdata=True, field='3c279', correlation='XX',
             avgtime='1e8', avgscan=T,  
             avgtime='1e8', avgscan=T, antenna='*&*',
             coloraxis='baseline', iteraxis='antenna')
             coloraxis='baseline', iteraxis='antenna')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Plotting phase vs. frequency for "+asdm+". Hit <Enter> for next data set or cycle through antennas.")
</source>
</source>
Each plot shows phase as a function of frequency for all baselines with one antenna for 3c279. We plot only the 'XX' correlation, colorizing by baseline. With '''iteraxis''' set to antenna the green arrows at the bottom of {{plotms}} will cycle through antennas. By using '''avgscan''' and a large '''avgtime''' we average  all scans and integrations.
The phase (and amplitude) also varies as a function of time, as we saw before. Here are the similar plots for phase vs. time (see Figure 14).
[[File:Uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb-phasecont.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 14.''' Phase vs. time for the bandpass calibrator, 3c279. Averaged over channel. Only baselines with antenna DV02, and corr='XX']]


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
 
for asdm in basename_all:
plotms(vis= asdm+'.split.ms',  
    plotms(vis= asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',  
           xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',  
           xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',  
           selectdata=True, field='3c279',  
           selectdata=True, field='3c279',  
           spw='0:40~3800', antenna='*&*',corr='XX',
           spw='0:1200~1300', antenna='*&*',correlation='XX',
           avgchannel='3840',  avgscan=T,  
           avgchannel='1000',  avgscan=T,  
           coloraxis='baseline', iteraxis='antenna')
           coloraxis='baseline', iteraxis='antenna')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Plotting phase vs. time for "+asdm+". Hit <Enter> for next data set or cycle through antennas.")
</source>
</source>


Figure 7 shows that the phase varies with time, thus it will need to be gain calibrated. In Figure 8 we see that  phase variations as a function of frequency in dataset uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb are small, typically ~ 30 degrees, thus bandpass calibration will suffice (i.e. no delay calibration is needed).
Figure 14 shows that the phase varies with time. We need to take this temporal variation into account when we solve for the frequency variations. Therefore we carry out the bandpass calibration in two steps. First, we use {{gaincal}} to solve for the variation of phase as a function of time for 3c279 on very short timescales. We set {{gaincal}} to derive a separate phase solution for each antenna every integration by setting '''solint''' to 'int'. We solve, averaging together only a small fraction of the total bandpass (channels 1100-1300) to avoid the effects of the phase vs. frequency behavior. We will then apply this solution to remove time-dependent behavior when we solve for the frequency response of the antennas with {{bandpass}}.


We issue {{gaincal}} on 3c279 to determine phase(-only) gain solutions. We use solint='int' for the solution interval, which means that one gain solution will be determined for every integration time to prevent de-correlation of the signal.
<pre style="background-color: #E0FFFF;">
Once phase is corrected, we can determine the bandpass solutions with {{bandpass}}. We apply the phase calibration table on-the-fly with the parameter "gaintable". Bandpass response can vary from day to day, therefore we calculate independent bandpass solutions for each dataset.  
An integration is the smallest time quantum of observation in the data, usually a few seconds.  
You can check the integration length for each scan in listobs.  
</pre>


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
Line 393: Line 1,064:


for asdm in basename_all:
for asdm in basename_all:
  os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.bpphase.gcal,'+asdm+'.bandpass.bcal')
    print "Running a short solution interval phase calibration for "+asdm
  gaincal(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.bpphase.gcal')
               selectdata=T,field = '3c279',spw = '0:40~3800',
    gaincal(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
               selectdata=T,field = '3c279',spw = '0:1100~1300',
               caltable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
               caltable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
               solint = 'int',refant = 'DV09',calmode='p')
               solint = 'int',refant = 'DV11',calmode='p')
  bandpass(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',
</source>
 
Now we use {{bandpass}} to solve for the frequency response of each antenna. To do this, we average all data in time by setting '''solint''' to 'inf' (that is, 'infinite'). We allow combination across scans and the different field IDs found for 3c279 by setting '''combine''' to "scan,field". We apply the phase vs. time calibration that we just derived on-the-fly using the parameter "gaintable".
 
<source lang="python">
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Running a bandpass calibration for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.bandpass.bcal')
    bandpass(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
               field = '3c279',
               field = '3c279',
               gaintable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
               gaintable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
               caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',
               caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',
               bandtype='B',
               bandtype='B',
               solint = 'inf',combine = 'scan', solnorm=T,refant = 'DV09',
               solint = 'inf',combine = 'scan,field', solnorm=T,refant = 'DV11',
               minblperant=3,minsnr=2,fillgaps=1)
               minblperant=3,minsnr=2,fillgaps=1)
</source>
</source>


where:
in these calls:
 
*'''caltable''' specifies the output calibration table
*'''gaintable''' specifies any calibration tables to be applied "on the fly" to the data before solving.
*'''solint''' sets the time interval for which solutions are derived for each antenna.
*'''refant''' set the reference antenna, here DV11, which is defined to have zero correction by construction.
*'''calmode''' 'p' sets {{gaincal}} to calibrate the phase only, other options are 'a'mplitude or 'ap' - amplitude and phase.
*'''minblperant''' sets the minimum baselines required per antenna for a successful solution.
*'''minsnr''' sets the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required for a successful solution.
*'''bandtype''' here 'B' tells {{bandpass}} to solve for the phase and frequency response of each antenna in each channel, averaging data in time across the solution interval.
*'''fillgaps''' tells {{bandpass}} to interpolate across channel gaps 1 channel wide.
*'''solnorm''' tells {{bandpass}} to normalize the bandpass amplitude and phase corrections to have magnitude unity. The absolute scale of the calibration will come from our later {{gaincal}} solutions.
 
Do not worry about the message "Insufficient unflagged antennas" when running the {{bandpass}} task. This indicates that {{bandpass}} is failing on the flagged edge channels, which is expected.


*gaintable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal', caltable = asdm+'.b1.cal': Gain calibration table, and bandpass calibration table
It is now a good idea to plot both sets of solutions to look for irregularities, especially:
*solint='int' or 'inf': The former is to consider integration by integration. The latter, combined with the default combine='scan', sets the solution interval to the entire observation
*refant = 'DV09': Set the reference antenna to DV06
*calmode='p': Gain cal calibration only phase
*minblperant=3: Minimum number of baselines required per antenna for each solve
*minsnr=2: Minimum SNR for solutions
*bandtype='B':  Channel by channel solution for each specified spw
*fillgaps=1: Interpolate channel gaps 1 channel wide
*solnorm=T:  Normalize the bandpass amplitudes and phases of the corrections to unity


Do not worry about the message "Insufficient unflagged antennas" when running the {{bandpass}} task, which relates to the flagged edge channels.
* discontinuities in the phase vs. time solution
* rapid wrapping of phase in either phase vs. time or bandpass solution
* large roll-off in the amplitude response near the band edge in the bandpass solution
* large scatter in any solution.


We plot the time variation of the phase solutions (asdm+'.bpphase.gcal') using {{plotcal}}, to check that they vary smoothly with time.  
We loop through and using {{plotcal}}, again generating .png files of each calibration and splitting into two antenna groups for easier legibility. As the bandpass plots take a while you may want to go have a cup of coffee and inspect them using your favorite image viewer. Uncomment the raw_input line and switch the '''showgui''' parameter to True to see them in real time instead.


[[File:bandpass-b1.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 9. Bandpass amplitude solutions]]
[[File:uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.bpphase.page1.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 15a.''' Short interval phase vs. time solution carried out and applied during bandpass calibration, here for the first set of antennas for the first data set. This solution removes any systematic variations in phase vs. time.]]
[[File:uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.bcal_amp.page1.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 15b.''' Bandpass amplitude solution for the first set of antennas and the first data set.]]
[[File:uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.bcal_phase.page1.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 15c.''' Phase vs. frequency calibration from the bandpass calibration for the first set of antennas and the first data set.]]
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
#In CASA
#In CASA
  plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
 
               xaxis = 'time',yaxis = 'phase',
for asdm in basename_all:
               iteration = 'antenna',plotrange=[0,0,-180,180])
    print "Plotting solutions for "+asdm
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
               xaxis = 'time', yaxis = 'phase', fontsize=6.0,
               iteration = 'antenna',
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bpphase.page1.png',
              antenna='0~7')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
              xaxis = 'time', yaxis = 'phase',
              iteration = 'antenna', fontsize=6.0,
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bpphase.page2.png',
              antenna='8~15')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'amp',
              antenna='0~7', iteration='antenna', fontsize=6.0,
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bcal_amp.page1.png')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'amp',
              antenna='8~15', iteration='antenna', fontsize=6.0,
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bcal_amp.page2.png')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'phase', iteration='antenna',
              antenna='0~7', subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bcal_phase.page1.png',
              showgui=False, fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'phase', iteration='antenna',
              antenna='8~15', subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bcal_phase.page2.png',
              showgui=False, fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
</source>
</source>


== Gain (Phase and Amplitude) Calibration ==
The bandpass calibration will account for the phase and amplitude response of our antennas as a function of frequency. We now solve for the absolute flux scale of the data by referencing to Titan and then calibrate the phase and amplitude behavior of the antennas as a function of time.


We also plot the bandpass solutions with {{plotcal}}, and we see that the solutions seem reasonable, with amplitudes close to 1 (Figure 9), and phases that does not vary much over the spectral window.  
Before using Titan to set the flux, there is an important systematic to account for. When we looked at the integrated spectra of our targets above, remember that Titan showed a whopping spectral line, in fact the same CO(3-2) line that we wish to observe in the Antennae. We will set the flux of Titan (and thus all of our data) by referencing to a model in casa that does not account for this line. Therefore we need to flag the part of the Titan observations contaminated by the line before we calibrate (you can see the affected channel range in Fig. 16). We run the following additional flagging step:


[[File:Antennae-TitanLine.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 16.''' Uncalibrated amplitude vs. channel plot for the flux calibrator, Titan (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset). Averaged over time, corr='XX', and colorized by baseline.]]
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
#In CASA
# in CASA
  plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',  
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'amp',
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
              plotrange = [0,0,0.8,1.2])
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
 
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
  plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',  
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'phase',
              plotrange = [0,0,-100,100])


for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Flagging CO(3-2) in Titan for "+asdm
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',flagbackup=F,
        field=['Titan'],
        spw=['0:1100~1700'])
    flagmanager(vis =asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode = 'save',versionname = 'Calibration')
</source>
</source>


== Flux and Phase Calibration ==
Next, we will use the {{setjy}} task to read the predicted complex visibilities for Titan into the MODEL column of each data set.
 
We set the flux for our flux calibrator, Titan, using the task {{setjy}}, by applying the Butler-JPL-Horizons 2010 model.
First, we check the flux calibrator data. We plot the spectrum and find a bright line emission (Figure 10) in the spectral window. We will flag it using {{flagdata}} and update the flag version using {{flagmanager}}.


[[File:Antennae-TitanLine.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 10. Amplitude vs. channel plot for the flux calibrator, Titan (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset). Averaged over time, corr='XX', and colorized by baseline.]]
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# in CASA
# in CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
for asdm in basename_all:
  flagdata(vis=asdm+'.split.ms',flagbackup=F,
    print "Reading model for Titan into "+asdm
        field=['Titan'],
    setjy(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field = 'Titan',
        spw=['0:1100~1700'])
          standard = 'Butler-JPL-Horizons 2010')
  flagmanager(vis =asdm+'.split.ms',mode = 'save',versionname = 'FlagFlux')
</source>
</source>


{{setjy}} will output the flux of Titan to the CASA logger and it is worth recording this information. The flux of Titan at these frequencies is about 2.9 Jy. For example, for dataset uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.wvrtsys.ms:


Second, we do a new gain calibration applying the bandpass calibration solutions on-the-fly.  
<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
  #2011-07-13 07:31:04 INFO setjy       Titan  spwid=  0  [I=2.847, Q=0, U=0, V=0] Jy
</pre>


We solve for amplitude and phase simultaneously and determine average solutions per scan.
Next we'll run a short-solution interval {{gaincal}} to solve for phase variation on short timescales during observations of our two calibrators, with '''solint''' set to "int". By applying this on-the-fly, we can remove any decorrelation in the data due to phase scatter when we solve for the amplitude calibration. However, there is no benefit to using this short-timescale solution to calibrate the source because we only have information on the gain during calibrator visits (though see the Imaging portion of this guide). Instead we will solve for the gains to apply to the source using a longer '''solint''' in just a moment.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# in CASA
# in CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
for asdm in basename_all:
  os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.amp.gcal,'+asdm+'.flux.cal')
    print "Carrying out short timescale phase solution for "+asdm
  setjy(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',field = 'Titan',
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.intphase.gcal')
          standard = 'Butler-JPL-Horizons 2010')
    gaincal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
 
  gaincal(vis=asdm+'.split.ms',
                 gaintable=asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',  
                 gaintable=asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',  
                 caltable=asdm+'.intphase.gcal',
                 caltable=asdm+'.intphase.gcal',
                 calmode='p',
                 calmode='p',
                 field='Titan,3c279',
                 field='Titan,3c279',
                 spw='0~1:40~3800',
                 spw='0:40~3800',
                 refant='DV09', solint='int',minsnr=2.0,minblperant=4)
                 refant='DV11', solint='int',minsnr=2.0, minblperant=4)
</source>


  gaincal(vis=asdm+'.split.ms',
Now we derive the longer timescale phase calibration table using '''solint''' set to "inf", but not allowing scan combination. This calibration has higher signal to noise due to combining more data, and for the purposes of correcting the source, it is just as precise as the short timescale solution.
 
<source lang="python">
# in CASA
 
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Carrying out longer timescale phase solution for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.scanphase.gcal')
    gaincal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
                 gaintable=asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',  
                 gaintable=asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',  
                 caltable=asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',
                 caltable=asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',
                 calmode='p',
                 calmode='p',
                 field='Titan,3c279',
                 field='Titan,3c279',
                 spw='0~1:40~3800',
                 spw='0:40~3800',
                 refant='DV09', solint='inf',minsnr=2.0,minblperant=4)
                 refant='DV11', solint='inf',minsnr=2.0,minblperant=4)


  gaincal(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',
</source>
 
Now we apply the short-timescale phase solution and carry out a scan length ('''solint''' set to "inf") calibration of the data using '''calmode''' of 'a'.
 
<source lang="python">
# in CASA
 
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Solving for longer (scan) interval amplitude solution for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.amp.cal')
    gaincal(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
               gaintable =[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal'],
               gaintable =[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal'],
               caltable = asdm+'.amp.cal',
               caltable = asdm+'.amp.cal',
               calmode='ap'
               calmode='ap',
               field = 'Titan, 3c279',
               field = 'Titan,3c279',
               refant = 'DV09',solint = 'int')
              spw='0:40~3800',
               refant = 'DV11',solint = 'inf', minblperant=4)
</source>
</source>


Finally, we will bootstrap the flux density of the secondary calibrator from that of Titan using the task {{fluxscale}}.  
This "amp.cal" solution gives us the amplitude variations as a function of time, but they are not yet pinned to a realistic scale except in the case of Titan, where we have solved using the model input by {{setjy}}. We will set the flux of our secondary calibrator 3c279 with reference to Titan using {{fluxscale}}.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# in CASA
# in CASA
  fluxscale(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',
 
                 caltable = asdm+'.amp.gcal',
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Scaling amplitude calibration to match Titan for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.flux.cal')
    fluxscale(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
                 caltable = asdm+'.amp.cal',
                 fluxtable = asdm+'.flux.cal',
                 fluxtable = asdm+'.flux.cal',
                 reference = 'Titan',
                 reference = 'Titan',
Line 508: Line 1,258:
</source>
</source>


The flux of Titan at these frequencies is about  2.9 Jy. For example, for dataset uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.f1.cal:
This new correctly-scaled flux table ".flux.cal" replaces the previous ".amp.cal" table as the correct amplitude calibration table to apply to the data, i.e., the ".flux.cal" contains both the time variability of the amplitude solved for in ".amp.cal" and the correct flux scaling set with {{fluxscale}}.


<pre style="background-color: #fffacd;">
Fluxscale will output the derived flux for 3c279 to the CASA logger. This information is worth noting. We find that the flux of 3c279 is 10.45 Jy, by averaging the fluxes obtained from the ten available datasets. This value agrees within 10% with the most recent 0.850 millimeter measurements from the SMA calibrator list [http://sma1.sma.hawaii.edu/callist/callist.html] : (01 Jul 2011, SMA 9.75 ± 0.49).
  #2011-07-13 07:31:04 INFO setjy       Titan  spwid=  0 [I=2.846, Q=0, U=0, V=0] Jy
</pre>


The new flux table asdm+'.flux.gcal' replaces the previous asdm+'.amp.gcal table in future application of the calibration to the data, i.e. the new flux table contains both asdm+'.amp.gcal and the newly acquired flux scaling. Unlike the gain calibration steps, this is not an incremental table.
Now we plot the final phase and amplitude calibration tables for each data set. A well-behaved calibration table will show smooth variations as a function of time. Sudden jumps or wild variations among the antenna amplitude gains should prompt further investigation and possibly additional flagging.


*gaintable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal': We apply the bandpass calibration on-the-fly
<source lang="python">
*caltable = 'asdm+'.amp.cal: the output gain calibration table
# in CASA
*calmode = 'ap': To solve for amplitude and phase


We find that the flux of 3c279 is 10.45 Jy, by averaging the fluxes obtained from the ten available datasets. This flux agree within 10% with the most recent 0.850 mm measurements from the SMA calibrator list [http://sma1.sma.hawaii.edu/callist/callist.html] : (01 Jul 2011, SMA 9.75 ± 0.49).
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Plotting solutions for "+asdm
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',
              xaxis = 'time', yaxis = 'phase',
              iteration = 'antenna', plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.scanphase.page1.png',
              antenna='0~7', fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',
              xaxis = 'time', yaxis = 'phase',
              iteration = 'antenna', plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.scanphase.page2.png',
              antenna='8~15', fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.flux.cal',
              xaxis = 'time',yaxis = 'amp',
              plotrange = [0,0,0,0],
              antenna='0~7', iteration='antenna',
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.flux.page1.png',
              fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.flux.cal',
              xaxis = 'time',yaxis = 'amp',
              plotrange = [0,0,0,0],
              antenna='8~15', iteration='antenna', fontsize=6.0,
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.flux.page2.png')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
</source>


==Applying the calibrations ==
==Apply the Calibrations and Inspect ==


Now we will use {{applycal}} to apply the bandpass and gaincal tables that we generated in the previous sections. First, we will apply the solutions to the bandpass and secondary calibrator (in this case, it is the same, 3c279). Second to the flux calibrator from the bandpass solutions and its own phase and flux solutions. Finally we will apply the bandpass, phase and amplitude solutions to the science target, the flux calibrator (Titan) and the bandpass calibrator (3c279).
Now we will use {{applycal}} to apply the bandpass, phase, and amplitude calibration tables that we generated in the previous sections to the data. We apply the solutions separately to the bandpass and secondary ("phase") calibrator 3c279, the flux calibrator Titan, and the target source. In most data sets, the bandpass and secondary calibrator will not be the same and this step would include one additional {{applycal}}.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
#In CASA
#In CASA
basename_north=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]
for asdm in basename_north:
    print "Applying calibrations for "+asdm
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='3c279',
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
        gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='Titan',
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
        gainfield=['3c279','Titan','Titan'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='NGC*',
        interp=['nearest','linear','linear'],
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)


for asdm in basename_all:  
basename_south=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.split.ms',field='3c279',
                          "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
         gaintable=[asdm+'bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
for asdm in basename_south:  
    print "Applying calibrations for "+asdm
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='3c279',
         gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
         interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
         interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
         gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=T)
         gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)
 
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='Titan',
  applycal(vis=asdm+'.split.ms',field='Titan',
         gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
         gaintable=[asdm+'bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
         interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
         interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
        gainfield=['3c279','titan','titan'],flagbackup=T)
        gainfield=['3c279','Titan','Titan'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='Ant*',
        interp=['nearest','linear','linear'],
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)


  applycal(vis=asdm+'.split.ms',field=['Ant*','NGC*']
        interp=['nearest','linear','linear'],
        gaintable=[asdm+'bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=T)
</source>
</source>


Here:
* '''vis''' and '''field''' specify the measurement set and field to calibrate.
* '''gaintable''' specifies the tables to apply to the data. There may be several tables applied all at once, here we apply the bandpass, phase, and flux calibrations.
* '''interp''' specifies the type of interpolation used to match calibration tables to the data. If there are several gaintables then interp may be either a single value (e.g., "linear" or "nearest") or a list of values with size equal to the list of gaintables. In the case where interp is a list, applycal will match each element to the corresponding gaintable (e.g., first gaintable with first interp parameter).
* '''gainfield''' specifies field from which to draw the calibration. As with interp, this can be a list of size matched to gaintable, so that the first element of gainfield will be the field used for the first table. For example, in the above commands the bandpass calibration (the first table) will always be applied from '3c279' (the first gainfield).
* '''calwt''' indicates that the weights, which were derived from the Tsys measurements, should also be calibrated. Note that '''calwt''' is True by default.


====Checking the calibration====
Once calibrations are applied, it is important to go back and inspect the calibrated data. New problematic antennas or baselines may be visible after calibration. Repeat the steps above, focusing on the CORRECTED data column. Bear in mind that for any point source calibrators we now expect to find phase scattering around zero and to find flat amplitudes as a function of u-v distance. Look for outliers and other signatures of problematic data. As a general rule, you will want to incorporate these data into your overall flagging script then rerun the whole calibration process, so that reduction is iterative. If the data only represent a minor problem, however, it may not be terribly harmful to flag them after the fact so that they do not interfere with imaging but trust that the calibrations are mostly unaffected.


We plot the corrected amplitudes and phases of 3c279 as a function of time and frequency, to check that the phases are close to zero and the amplitudes are constant.  
As an example of this inspection, we cycle through the corrected amplitudes and phases of 3c279 as a function u-v distance, to check that the phases are close to zero and the amplitudes are constant.  


[[File:xb-checkcal-pha-cha.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 11. Phase vs. channel plot for 3c279 (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset). ]]
[[File:xb-checkcal-pha-cha.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 17.''' Calibrated phase vs. channel plot for 3c279 (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset). ]]
[[File:xb-checkcal-pha-freq.png|200px|thumb|right|Fig. 12. Phase vs. frequency plot for 3c279 (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset). ]]
[[File:xb-checkcal-amp-time.png|200px|thumb|right|'''Fig. 18.''' Calibrated amplitude vs. time plot for 3c279 (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset). ]]
<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
asdm=basename_all[0]
 
plotms(vis = asdm+'.split.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
ydatacolumn='corrected', selectdata=True, field='3c279',
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Examining calibrated data for "+asdm
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='3c279',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='3c279',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='spw')
avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='phase',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='3c279',
avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='3c279',
avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
 
</source>
 
In Fig. 17 and 18 we plot phase vs. channel and amp vs. time for 3c279 for the uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset.
 
Finally we can use {{plotms}} to examine the corrected amplitude and phase of Antennae galaxies as a function of time and uv-distance (plots not shown):
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA


plotms(vis = asdm+'.split.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='pha',
for asdm in basename_north:
ydatacolumn='corrected', selectdata=True, field='3c279',
    print "Examining calibrated data for "+asdm
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='NGC*',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='NGC*',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='spw')
avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='phase',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='NGC*',
avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='NGC*',
avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")


plotms(vis = asdm+'.split.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='pha',
for asdm in basename_south:
ydatacolumn='corrected', selectdata=True, field='3c279',
    print "Examining calibrated data for "+asdm
averagedata=True, avgchannel='', avgtime='1e6',
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp',
avgscan=T, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='spw')
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='Ant*',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='Ant*',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='phase',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='Ant*',
avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',
ydatacolumn='corrected', field='Ant*',
avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")


plotms(vis = asdm+'.split.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='pha',
ydatacolumn='corrected', selectdata=True, field='3c279',
averagedata=True, avgchannel='', avgtime='1e6',
avgscan=T, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='spw')
</source>
</source>


In Fig. 11 and 12 we plot  phase vs. channel and phase vs time  for 3c279 for the uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset.
==Split and Concatenate Data for Northern and Southern Mosaics==


Finally we can use {{plotms}} to examine the corrected amplitude and phase of Antennae galaxies as a function of frequency, just  by changing the field keyword to field='NGC*','Antennae*'.
The individual data sets are now calibrated. We can safely split out the calibrated data for our science target and drop the calibrators. As we do so, we will smooth the data in frequency, averaging together groups of 23 channels by setting '''width=23''' in {{split}}. The new data will have a channel width corresponding to about ~10 km/s, very similar to the SMA data being verified. The factor of >20 drop in data volume will also make the imaging steps ''much'' more tractable.
 
====Split source data and smoothing====
 
We split the spectral window 0 for Antennae galaxies,where CO(3-2) line is. We separate between Northern and Southern mosaic datasets.
We smooth the velocity to a width of 23 channels, corresponding to ~10 km/s.


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
#In CASA
#In CASA


basename_all_North=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]
basename_north=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]


for asdm in basename_all_North:
basename_south=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
    os.system('rm -rf Antennae-'+asdm+'.cal.ms')
                          "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
    split(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',outputvis = 'Antennae-'+asdm+'.cal.ms',
            field = ['NGC*'],spw='0',width=23)
    listobs(asdm+'.split.ms')


basename_all_South=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
for asdm in basename_north:
                          "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.cal.ms')
    split(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',outputvis = asdm+'.cal.ms',
            field = 'NGC*',spw='0',width=23, keepflags=False)
    os.system('rm '+asdm+'.cal.listobs.txt')
    listobs(asdm+'.cal.ms',listfile=asdm+'.cal.listobs.txt')
 
for asdm in basename_south:
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.cal.ms')
    split(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',outputvis = asdm+'.cal.ms',
            field = 'Ant*',spw='0',width=23, keepflags=False)
    os.system('rm '+asdm+'.cal.listobs.txt')
    listobs(asdm+'.cal.ms',listfile=asdm+'.cal.listobs.txt')


for asdm in basename_all_South:
    os.system('rm -rf Antennae-'+asdm+'.cal.ms')
    split(vis = asdm+'.split.ms',outputvis = 'Antennae-'+asdm+'.cal.ms',
            field = ['Antennae*'],spw='0',width=23)
    listobs(asdm+'.split.ms')
</source>
</source>


==Concatenating datasets for northern and southern mosaics==
For convenience we concatenate all data for the Northern Mosaic into a single big MS and place all data for the Southern Mosaic into another file. To do this, we construct a list that holds the names of all the Southern Mosaic MS files and another that holds the name of all the Northern Mosaic MS files then feed these into the {{concat}} task.


Once each individual dataset is calibrated, we finally concatenate the data sets corresponding to one either north and south mosaics into one big measurement set. We define an array "comvis" that contains the names of the measurement sets we wish to concatenate, and then we run the task {{concat}}.
Before we do this, we'll take a brief aside to remove Pointing information from the calibrated data. Normally, the pointing information would apply important corrections to be used while imaging the data. However, some aspects of this are still under development and the pointing information in these data interacts poorly with CASA. We will remove the pointing information using the CASA toolkit Table tool (tb). ''This kind of operation is dangerous and should not be a regular feature of your CASA reduction.''


<source lang="python">
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
# In CASA
comvis_South=[]
comvis_North=[]
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
for asdm in basename_all_South:
    "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
comvis_South.append('Antennae-'+asdm+'.cal.ms')
    "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
for asdm in basename_all_North:
    "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
comvis_North.append('Antennae-'+asdm+'.cal.ms')       
os.system('rm -rf Antennae_South.cal.ms,Antennae_North.cal.ms')
for asdm in basename_all:
concat(vis=comvis_South,concatvis='Antennae_South.cal.ms',timesort=T)
    print "Manually removing pointing table from "+asdm+".cal.ms ... Please be careful!"
concat(vis=comvis_South,concatvis='Antennae_North.cal.ms',timesort=T)
    tb.open(asdm+'.cal.ms/POINTING',nomodify=False)
    a = tb.rownumbers()
    tb.removerows(a)
    tb.close()
 
</source>
 
<source lang="python">
# In CASA
 
cal_south_vis = [vis+'.cal.ms' for vis in basename_south]
cal_north_vis = [vis+'.cal.ms' for vis in basename_north]
 
os.system('rm -rf Antennae_South.cal.ms')
concat(vis=cal_south_vis, concatvis='Antennae_South.cal.ms', timesort=T)
 
os.system('rm -rf Antennae_North.cal.ms')
concat(vis=cal_north_vis, concatvis='Antennae_North.cal.ms', timesort=T)
</source>
</source>


The syntax used to construct the 'cal_south_vis' variable loops over basename_south and makes a list after adding '.cal.ms' to each member. To see the list 'print cal_south_vis'.
==Continue on to Imaging of the Science Target==


[[User:Despada|Daniel Espada]] 12:00 UT, 21 July 2011
Now you can continue on to the [http://casaguides.nrao.edu/index.php?title=Antennae_Band7_-_Imaging imaging guide].
{{Checked 3.3.0}}

Latest revision as of 17:42, 5 May 2017


  • This portion of the guide covers calibration of the raw visibility data. To skip to the imaging portion of the guide, see: Antennae Band7 - Imaging.

Overview

This part of the Antennae Band 7 CASA guide will step you through the calibration of the visibility data. We will begin by flagging (marking as bad) data known to be useless before any inspection, for example data where one telescope blocks the line of sight of another. Then we will apply telescope-generated calibration tables to partially correct for atmospheric effects. After inspecting the data, we will flag some additional data that exhibit pathologies. Then we will use observations of the calibrators Titan and 3c279 to derive the phase and amplitude response of individual antennas as a function of time and frequency ("phase", "amplitude", and "bandpass" calibrations). We will apply these to the data and then extract the calibrated source data into a file appropriate for imaging.

The general procedure in this guide follows the other ALMA CASA guides: NGC3256Band3 and TWHydraBand7.

Unpack the Data

Once you have downloaded the Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction.tgz, unpack the file in a terminal outside CASA using 

tar -xvzf Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction.tgz

then change directory to the new directory 

cd Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction

You may wish to type 

ls

to look at the files present. You should see a set of files with extension ".ms". These are CASA measurement set (MS) files. The data have already been converted to MS format from the native ALMA format using the CASA task importasdm. In addition to the data, we provide you with calibration tables containing system temperature (Tsys), water vapor radiometer (WVR), and antenna position information. For Early Science, these tables will either be pre-applied or supplied with the data.

To begin, start CASA by typing 

casapy

Be sure that you are using the version indicated at the top of this page.

Initial Inspection

First we will take stock of what we have. If you have not already done so, begin by reviewing the description of the observations here: AntennaeBand7. The 10 data sets each target either the Northern or the Southern Mosaic, as follows:

Northern Mosaic:

  • uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.ms
  • uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a.ms
  • uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9.ms
  • uid___A002_X2181fb_X49.ms

Southern Mosaic:

  • uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.ms
  • uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7.ms
  • uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7.ms
  • uid___A002_X215db8_X18.ms
  • uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5.ms
  • uid___A002_X215db8_X392.ms

The first step is to get basic information about the data: targets observed, time range, spectral setup, and so on. We do this using the task listobs, which will output a detailed summary of each dataset. Enter the following commands into CASA: 

# In CASA

# Define a python list holding the names of all of our data sets
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

# Loop over each element in the list and create summary file using listobs
for asdm in basename_all:
    os.system('rm '+asdm+'.listobs.txt')
    listobs(vis=asdm+'.ms', listfile=asdm+'.listobs.txt', verbose=True)

Note that after cutting and pasting a 'for' loop like this you often have to press return twice to execute. You may also want to take care to paste a line at a time if you are having trouble copy and pasting. Even better, you can use "cpaste" to paste blocks of code. To do so type "cpaste" at the CASA prompt, paste your commands, and then type "--" and hit return on the final (otherwise empty) line. This should look something like this: 


CASA <8>: cpaste
Pasting code; enter '--' alone on the line to stop.
:basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
:     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
:     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
:     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
:
:for asdm in basename_all:
:    print asdm
:--
uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb
uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a
uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9
uid___A002_X2181fb_X49
uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8
uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7
uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7
uid___A002_X215db8_X18
uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5
uid___A002_X215db8_X392

CASA <9>:

cpaste should be much more robust than copying-and-pasting directly into the shell but if you have trouble, just carefully paste one line at a time directly into CASA and hit return until the desired command executes.

These commands define a python list called "basename_all", which contains the name of all 10 MS files. The "for" loop executes for each element in basename_all, calling listobs and directing the output to a file called, e.g., "uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.listobs.txt" for the first measurement set. You can browse through the listobs output as you would normally look at a text file (use emacs, vi, or another editor). You can also send the output to the terminal from inside of CASA. To do so type: 

# In CASA
cat uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.listobs.txt

or 

# In CASA
os.system('more uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.listobs.txt')

CASA knows a few basic shell commands like 'cat', 'ls', and 'rm' but for more complex commands you will need to run them inside 'os.system("command")'. For more information see http://casa.nrao.edu/ .

Here is an example of the (abridged) output from listobs for the first dataset in the list, uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.ms, which targets the Northern Mosaic. You would see this if you had specified verbose to be False in the listobs call: 

=============================================================================
 MeasurementSet Name:/Users/despada/Desktop/Imaging/Antennae/Datasets/band7/uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.ms      
=============================================================================
   Observer: Unknown     Project: T.B.D.  
Observation: ALMA(11 antennas)
Data records: 181357       Total integration time = 4931.71 seconds
   Observed from   28-May-2011/01:25:27.6   to   28-May-2011/02:47:39.3 (UTC)
Fields: 26
  ID   Code Name         RA            Decl           Epoch   SrcId 
  0    none 3c279        12:56:11.1666 -05.47.21.5247 J2000   0     
  1    none Titan        12:42:43.9481 -01.43.38.3190 J2000   1     
  2    none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:53.1701 -18.52.37.9200 J2000   2     
  3    none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:51.9030 -18.51.49.9437 J2000   2     
  4    none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.4309 -18.51.49.9437 J2000   2     
  5    none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.9587 -18.51.49.9437 J2000   2     
  6    none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:53.4866 -18.51.49.9436 J2000   2     
  7    none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:54.0144 -18.51.49.9436 J2000   2     
  8    none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.1669 -18.51.56.4319 J2000   2     
  9    none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.6948 -18.51.56.4318 J2000   2     
  10   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:53.2226 -18.51.56.4318 J2000   2     
  11   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:53.7505 -18.51.56.4318 J2000   2     
  12   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:51.9030 -18.52.02.9201 J2000   2     
  13   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.4309 -18.52.02.9200 J2000   2     
  14   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.9587 -18.52.02.9200 J2000   2     
  15   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:53.4866 -18.52.02.9200 J2000   2     
  16   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:54.0144 -18.52.02.9199 J2000   2     
  17   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.1669 -18.52.09.4082 J2000   2     
  18   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.6948 -18.52.09.4082 J2000   2     
  19   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:53.2226 -18.52.09.4082 J2000   2     
  20   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:53.7505 -18.52.09.4081 J2000   2     
  21   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:51.9030 -18.52.15.8964 J2000   2     
  22   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.4309 -18.52.15.8964 J2000   2     
  23   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:52.9587 -18.52.15.8963 J2000   2     
  24   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:53.4866 -18.52.15.8963 J2000   2     
  25   none NGC4038 - A* 12:01:54.0144 -18.52.15.8963 J2000   2     
   (nVis = Total number of time/baseline visibilities per field) 
Spectral Windows:  (9 unique spectral windows and 2 unique polarization setups)
  SpwID  #Chans Frame Ch1(MHz)    ChanWid(kHz)TotBW(kHz)  Ref(MHz)    Corrs   
  0           4 TOPO  184550      1500000     7500000     183300      I   
  1        3840 TOPO  344845.586  488.28125   1875000     344908.33   XX  YY  
  2           1 TOPO  343908.086  1875000     1875000     344908.33   XX  YY  
  3        3840 TOPO  356845.586  488.28125   1875000     344908.33   XX  YY  
  4           1 TOPO  343908.086  1875000     1875000     344908.33   XX  YY  
  5         128 TOPO  344900.518  15625       2000000     344908.33   XX  YY  
  6           1 TOPO  343892.705  1796875     1796875     344908.33   XX  YY  
  7         128 TOPO  356900.518  15625       2000000     344908.33   XX  YY  
  8           1 TOPO  343892.705  1796875     1796875     344908.33   XX  YY  

Antennas: 11 'name'='station' 
   ID=   0-3: 'DV02'='A015', 'DV04'='J505', 'DV06'='T704', 'DV07'='A004', 
   ID=   4-7: 'DV08'='A072', 'DV09'='A008', 'DV10'='A009', 'DV11'='A016', 
   ID=  8-10: 'PM01'='T702', 'PM02'='A017', 'PM03'='J504'
================================================================================

And here is an extract from the full verbose listobs for uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.ms, which targets the Southern Mosaic (note that we have snipped out the record of individual scans): 


================================================================================
           MeasurementSet Name:  /export/lustre/aleroy/Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction/uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8.ms      MS Version 2
================================================================================
   Observer: Unknown     Project: T.B.D.  
Observation: ALMA
Data records: 175615       Total integration time = 4927.1 seconds
   Observed from   28-May-2011/02:50:18.2   to   28-May-2011/04:12:25.3 (UTC)

<snip>

Fields: 33
  ID   Code Name                RA              Decl          Epoch   SrcId nVis   
  0    none 3c279               12:56:11.16657 -05.47.21.5247 J2000   0     12232  
  1    none Titan               12:42:44.82765 -01.43.41.4224 J2000   1     10615  
  2    none 3c279               12:56:11.16600 -05.47.21.5250 J2000   2     27764  
  3    none Antennae            12:01:53.17008 -18.52.37.9200 J2000   3     4829   
  4    none Antennae            12:01:52.18699 -18.53.30.3952 J2000   3     3883   
  5    none Antennae            12:01:52.64413 -18.53.26.6494 J2000   3     3883   
  6    none Antennae            12:01:53.10127 -18.53.22.9035 J2000   3     3872   
  7    none Antennae            12:01:53.55841 -18.53.19.1577 J2000   3     4818   
  8    none Antennae            12:01:54.01554 -18.53.15.4119 J2000   3     4829   
  9    none Antennae            12:01:54.47268 -18.53.11.6661 J2000   3     4829   
  10   none Antennae            12:01:54.92982 -18.53.07.9203 J2000   3     3872   
  11   none Antennae            12:01:55.38696 -18.53.04.1744 J2000   3     3883   
  12   none Antennae            12:01:55.84409 -18.53.00.4286 J2000   3     4840   
  13   none Antennae            12:01:56.30123 -18.52.56.6828 J2000   3     4818   
  14   none Antennae            12:01:52.18700 -18.53.22.9033 J2000   3     4829   
  15   none Antennae            12:01:52.64414 -18.53.19.1575 J2000   3     4818   
  16   none Antennae            12:01:53.10128 -18.53.15.4116 J2000   3     4818   
  17   none Antennae            12:01:53.55842 -18.53.11.6658 J2000   3     4840   
  18   none Antennae            12:01:54.01555 -18.53.07.9200 J2000   3     3872   
  19   none Antennae            12:01:54.47269 -18.53.04.1742 J2000   3     4829   
  20   none Antennae            12:01:54.92983 -18.53.00.4284 J2000   3     4829   
  21   none Antennae            12:01:55.38697 -18.52.56.6825 J2000   3     4829   
  22   none Antennae            12:01:55.84410 -18.52.52.9367 J2000   3     4829   
  23   none Antennae            12:01:51.72988 -18.53.19.1572 J2000   3     4818   
  24   none Antennae            12:01:52.18702 -18.53.15.4114 J2000   3     4829   
  25   none Antennae            12:01:52.64415 -18.53.11.6656 J2000   3     4829   
  26   none Antennae            12:01:53.10129 -18.53.07.9197 J2000   3     2266   
  27   none Antennae            12:01:53.55843 -18.53.04.1739 J2000   3     2266   
  28   none Antennae            12:01:54.01557 -18.53.00.4281 J2000   3     3212   
  29   none Antennae            12:01:54.47270 -18.52.56.6823 J2000   3     3234   
  30   none Antennae            12:01:54.92984 -18.52.52.9365 J2000   3     3212   
  31   none Antennae            12:01:55.38698 -18.52.49.1906 J2000   3     2266   
  32   none Antennae            12:01:55.84411 -18.52.45.4448 J2000   3     3223   
   (nVis = Total number of time/baseline visibilities per field) 
Spectral Windows:  (9 unique spectral windows and 2 unique polarization setups)
  SpwID  #Chans Frame Ch1(MHz)    ChanWid(kHz)  TotBW(kHz)  Corrs  
  0           4 TOPO  184550      1500000       7500000     I   
  1        3840 TOPO  344845.586  488.28125     1875000     XX  YY  
  2           1 TOPO  343908.086  1875000       1875000     XX  YY  
  3        3840 TOPO  356845.586  488.28125     1875000     XX  YY  
  4           1 TOPO  343908.086  1875000       1875000     XX  YY  
  5         128 TOPO  344900.518  15625         2000000     XX  YY  
  6           1 TOPO  343892.705  1796875       1796875     XX  YY  
  7         128 TOPO  356900.518  15625         2000000     XX  YY  
  8           1 TOPO  343892.705  1796875       1796875     XX  YY  
Antennas: 11:
  ID   Name  Station   Diam.    Long.         Lat.         
  0    DV02  A015      12.0 m   -067.45.15.3  -22.53.26.0  
  1    DV04  J505      12.0 m   -067.45.18.0  -22.53.22.8  
  2    DV06  T704      12.0 m   -067.45.16.2  -22.53.22.1  
  3    DV07  A004      12.0 m   -067.45.15.9  -22.53.28.0  
  4    DV08  A072      12.0 m   -067.45.12.6  -22.53.24.0  
  5    DV09  A008      12.0 m   -067.45.15.4  -22.53.26.8  
  6    DV10  A009      12.0 m   -067.45.16.1  -22.53.26.1  
  7    DV11  A016      12.0 m   -067.45.16.4  -22.53.25.1  
  8    PM01  T702      12.0 m   -067.45.18.6  -22.53.24.1  
  9    PM02  A017      12.0 m   -067.45.15.9  -22.53.26.8  
  10   PM03  J504      12.0 m   -067.45.17.0  -22.53.23.0

This output shows that three sources were observed in each data set: 3c279, Titan, and the Antennae.

  • The Antennae are our science target. Note that the source name changes between the Northern Mosaic, where it is "NGC4038 - Antennae", and the Southern Mosaic, where it is just "Antennae". Also note that the source corresponds to a number of individual fields (see the Field ID column). These are the individual mosaic pointings. There are 23 for the Northern Mosaic and 29 for the Southern Mosaic.
  • Titan is observed once and will be used to set the absolute flux scale of the data.
  • 3c279 plays two roles: it will serve as our bandpass calibrator, to characterize the frequency response of the antennas, and because it is fairly close on the sky to the Antennae (18.6 degrees away) it will serve as our secondary calibrator (also referred to as the "phase calibrator" or "gain calibrator"), to track changes in the phase and amplitude response of the telescopes over time. Observations of 3c279 are interleaved with observations of the Antennae.

The output also shows that the data contain many spectral windows. Using the labeling scheme in the listobs above these are:

  • spw 0 targets ~185 GHz and holds water vapor radiometer data
  • spw 1 and spw 3 hold our science data. These are "Frequency Domain Mode" (FDM) data with small (0.49 MHz) channel width and wide (1.875 GHz) total bandwidth. As a result these have a lot of channels (3840). spw 1 holds the lower sideband (LSB) data and includes the CO(3-2) line. We will focus on these data. For the CO(3-2) line the channel width corresponds to 0.426 km/s and the bandwidth of spw 1 to 1634 km/s.
  • spw 2 and spw 4 hold frequency-averaged versions of spw 1 and 3 ("Channel 0" for those familiar with AIPS). These are used for some quick automated inspection. We will not use them here but we will carry out an equivalent inspection using spw 1.
  • spw 5 and spw 7 hold lower a resolution processing ("Time Domain Mode", TDM) of the data from the same part of the spectrum (baseband) as spws 1 and 3. These data have only 128 channels across 2 GHz bandwidth and so have a much coarser channel spacing than the FDM data. These were used to generate the calibration tables that we include in the tarball but will not otherwise appear in this guide.

The final column of the listobs output in the logger (not shown above) gives the scan intent. Later we will use this information to flag the pointing scans and the hot and ambient load calibration scans.

We'll now have a look at the configuration of the antennas used to take the data using the task plotants (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Position of antennas in dataset uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb obtained using task plotants
# In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Antenna configuration for : "+asdm
    plotants(vis=asdm+'.ms', figfile=asdm+'.plotants.png')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see the antenna configuration for the next data set.")

This will loop through all 10 data sets, show you the antenna position for each, and save that as a file named, e.g., "uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.plotants.png" for the first data set. The "raw_input" command asks CASA to wait for your input before proceeding. If you would prefer to just browse the .png files after the fact you can remove this. Notice that the antenna setup changes, but only slightly, over the course of the 10 data sets.

How to Deal With 10 Measurement Sets

It should already be clear from the initial inspection that dealing with 10 data sets at the same time can be a bit problematic. This is especially tricky in our case because the Antennae data contain two distinct sets of observations: the Northern and Southern Mosaics. The source name changes between these two scripts and there are different numbers of fields in the mosaic.

As a general rule one would reduce each individual observation separately or at the very least only group data observed in a uniform way and very close in time.

Unfortunately, a CASA Guide stepping through the reduction for each of 10 data sets would quickly become unwieldy. Therefore we will use a few tricks to reduce the Antennae data in a kind of batch mode. You have already seen the first trick: we can define a python list holding the names of each data set and then loop over this list to execute the same command on each data set. For example: 

# In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

for asdm in basename_all:
    print asdm

You only need to define your list of MS files once per CASA session. Then "basename_all" will be a variable in the casapy shell. You can check if it exists by typing "print basename_all". In the interests of allowing you to easily exit and restart CASA and pick this guide up at any point we will redefine "basename_all" in each section of the guide. Feel free to skip this step if you've already defined it in your session.

This page will step you through the reduction of the whole Antennae Band 7 SV data set using these 'for' loops. We will not be able to show every diagnostic plot but we give an example of each and the syntax to generate the rest. Also please be aware that even on a very fast machine this whole process can take a while, we are simply dealing with a lot of data.

One potential "gotcha" is that the source name changes between the two data sets. Therefore at several points we will break apart our loop to iterate separately over the Northern and Southern Mosaics, where the source can be referred unambiguously. Another subtle point is that 3c279 appears with two distinct field IDs in the Southern Mosaic, but only one in the Northern Mosaic. We will largely avoid this by referring to the source by its name but if you tried to use field ID numbers and mingled the two data sets this could cause confusion.

A Priori Flagging

Even before we look in detail, we know that there are some data that we wish to exclude. We will start by flagging "shadowed" data where one antenna blocks the line of sight of another. We will also flag scans that were used to carry out pointing and atmospheric calibration, identified by their scan intent. Finally, we'll flag the autocorrelation data (the correlation of the signal from an antenna with itself) as we are only interested in cross-correlation data to make an interferometric image.

Start by defining our list of MS files: 

# In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

You may want to reset the flagging if you have tried this step before and are starting over though this is not necessary on your first time through. Do so using flagdata: 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Reseting flags for "+asdm
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms',mode='manualflag', unflag=T, flagbackup=F)

Then flag shadowed data using the command flagdata: 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Flagging shadowed data for "+asdm
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms',mode = 'shadow', diameter=12.0, flagbackup = F)

In the flagdata task we choose:

  • vis = asdm+'.ms' : each measurement set
  • mode = 'shadow',diameter=12.0: flag shadowed data, taking into account that antennas are 12m diameter
  • flagbackup = F: Do not automatically back up the flag files. We will save all of the a priori flags together using flagmanager at the end of this subsection and save some space and time.

The relevant calibration information has already been extracted from the pointing and atmospheric scans and we will not need them below. Now flag the pointing scans using flagdata in 'manualflag' mode and selecting on 'intent': 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Flagging calibration scans for "+asdm
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms', mode='manualflag', intent='*POINTING*', flagbackup = F)

Note that because the atmospheric calibration scans contain only TDM spectral windows, they will be removed automatically when we separate out the FDM data below.

Now flag the autocorrelation data: 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Flagging autocorrelation data for "+asdm
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.ms',autocorr=True,flagbackup=F)

Finally store the current flags information using flagmanager: 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Backing up 'a priori' flags for "+asdm
    flagmanager(vis = asdm+'.ms', mode = 'save', versionname = 'Apriori')

Where versionname is just the name we assign to the current flagging state in the data. We can now roll back the flags to match the current version, called 'Apriori', whenever we want. There is no reason to do this now, but the syntax would be: 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Resorting up 'a priori' flags for "+asdm
    flagmanager(vis = asdm+'.ms', mode = 'restore', versionname = 'Apriori')


It would have been possible to set flagdata to flagbackup=T so that it stores the flags at each of the flagging step automatically, but this way it is a bit more efficient with regard to time and disk space. More important, lumping all the a priori flagging together gives us a natural point to roll back to if we get in trouble. 

The flagmanager task will also allow you to view the saved flagging versions,
including those created by running flagdata with flagbackup=T.

For example try 

flagmanager(vis='uid___A002_X2181fb_X49.ms', mode='list')

The output in the logger should list the Apriori flagging that we have applied.
It will also indicate versions associated with any flagdata command where you
did not set flagbackup=F. Other tasks, for example applycal, will also create
flag version tables.

Examine and Apply Tsys, WVR, and Antenna Position Calibration Tables Then Split

The Antennae_Band7_UnCalibratedMSandTablesForReduction directory includes system temperature (Tsys), water vapor radiometer (WVR), and antenna position calibration tables, which appear as files with extensions '.tsys.cal.fdm', '.wvr.cal', and '.antpos'. The WVR and Tsys tables have been built from the spw 0 (WVR) and spw 5 & 7 (Tsys) data. We provide these to you because CASA does not generate them at the moment, a situation that will change soon. The Tsys calibration gives a first-order correction for the atmospheric opacity as a function of time and frequency and associates weights with each visibility that persists through imaging. The WVR calibration uses observations of the wings of the 183 GHz atmospheric water line to correct for phase variations as a function of time. The antenna position table reflects refinements in the measured positions of the antennas from those stored in the data.

We inspect the Tsys tables for the spectral window spw=1 with the task plotcal. We want to check that Tsys data have reasonable values and identify any unexpected features as a function of either time or frequency. To get an idea of sensible Tsys under average atmospheric observations consult the ALMA sensitivity calculator, accessible from http://www.almascience.org .

We start by plotting the Tsys for all the antennas and polarizations (XX and YY) as a function of time for each. Here and throughout we focus on spw 1, which contains CO(3-2):

Fig. 2a. Tsys vs. time plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic). First 8 antennas. Note the high y-axis values for DV04. The two different colors indicate the two polarizations (XX and YY).
Fig. 2b. Tsys vs. time plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic). Remaining antennas.
#In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]


for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Plotting Tsys vs. time for "+asdm
    plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm', 
	    xaxis="time",yaxis="amp",
	    spw='1:1200~1200',plotsymbol=".", subplot=421,
	    antenna='0~7',
	    iteration='antenna', figfile=asdm+'.tsys_vs_time.page1.png',
	    fontsize=6.0)    
    #dummy_string = raw_input("First eight antennas for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to continue.")
    plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm', 
	    xaxis="time",yaxis="amp",
	    antenna='8~15',
	    spw='1:1200~1200',plotsymbol=".", subplot=421,
	    iteration='antenna', figfile=asdm+'.tsys_vs_time.page2.png',
	    fontsize=6.0)    
    #dummy_string = raw_input("Remaining antennas for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to continue.")

This sequence loops over all of our files and plots Tsys as a function of time for channel 1200 in spectral window 1. In the call to plotcal:

  • subplot=421 parameter sets up a 4 x 2 panel grid.
  • iteration tells plotcal to make a separate plot for each antenna.
  • spw '1:1200~1200' selects spw '1' channel 1200-1200. This allows us to cleanly separate time variations from frequency variations.

Because 8 panels is not enough to show all antennas on one page, there are two plotcal calls: one for the first 8 antennas (antenna=0~7) and one for any remaining antennas (antenna=8~15). The fontsize needs to be set to a small value or the text overlaps.

The 'raw_input' commands will wait for you to hit Enter before issuing the next plot command. In the example above these are commented out (the leading "#" means that CASA will ignore them). If you would like to interactively cycle through the plots, uncomment them by removing the "#". Otherwise, the figfile parameter directs the output to .png files for later inspection. The easiest way to look at the 20 plots produced here is to simply inspect the .png files using your favorite viewer.

The Tsys values in Figure 2 look reliable, with typical values ~150 K except for some large values of Tsys at ~300 and 400 K for DV04. We will flag the data for that antenna later.

We will also want to look at Tsys as a function of frequency. The following commands step through how you would do this, but do not execute this command blindly! (just in case, we have included a "break" that you will need to remove before running or the "for" loop will simply cancel). The commands are similar to the Tsys vs. time plotcal but will take much longer to run because instead of tracking a single channel we now plot the data for all 3840 channels in spw 1. Future enhancements to CASA will make it possible to plot these data more efficiently (e.g., by stepping across channels) but for now it takes a long time to generate these plots. We have included them in the directory "tsys_plots/" in the distribution you downloaded so that you will not need to generate them yourself. If you really want to run this command, remove the "break" and run the commands: 

#In CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    break
    print "Plotting Tsys vs. frequency for "+asdm
    plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm',
	    xaxis="freq",yaxis="amp",
	    spw='1', plotsymbol=".", subplot=421,
	    iteration='antenna', figfile=asdm+'.tsys_vs_freq.page1.png',
	    antenna='0~7', fontsize=6.0)    
    #dummy_string = raw_input("Inspecting Tsys table for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to continue.")
    plotcal(caltable=asdm+'.tsys.cal.fdm',
	    xaxis="freq",yaxis="amp",
	    spw='1', plotsymbol=".", subplot=421,
	    iteration='antenna', figfile=asdm+'.tsys_vs_freq.page2.png',
	    antenna='8~15', fontsize=6.0)    
    #dummy_string = raw_input("Inspecting Tsys table for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to continue.")
Fig. 3a. Tsys vs. frequency plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic). First 8 antennas. Note the high y-axis values for DV04 and the telluric ozone line near 343.2 GHz.
Fig. 3b. Tsys vs. frequency plot for uid_A002_X1ff7b0_Xb (northern mosaic). Remaining antennas.
Fig. 3c. Tsys vs. frequency plot for uid___A002_X215db8_X392. Note the pathological behavior for DV12.

Now have a look at the Tsys vs. frequency plots or see Figure 3 for an example on the first data set. You can see the effect of a close pair of atmospheric ozone absorption lines at about 343.2 GHz that makes Tsys larger near that frequency in all antennas. Applying the Tsys calibration tables will minimize the contribution of these atmospheric lines. Again DV04 stands out with its very high Tsys. Although not present in the first data sets, Antenna DV12 exhibits periodic spikes in Tsys vs. frequency for one polarization (see Figure 3c for an example from a later data set). It may or may not be possible to calibrate that behavior out. We will make a note to look carefully at DV12 further on in the calibration process.

We are now ready to apply the Tsys and the WVR calibration tables to the data with applycal, which reads the specified gain calibration tables, applies them to the (raw) data column, and writes the calibrated results into the corrected column. Again, we loop through all the datasets. It is important to only apply Tsys and WVR corrections obtained close in time to the data being corrected, so in addition to looping over data sets we define the list of unique source names and loop over these. Then by setting gainfield and field to the same value we ensure that Tsys and WVR calibrations are only applied to the source for which they are measured. Because the source has a different name in the Northern Mosaic and the Southern Mosaic, we will carry out two loops. We will only correct spw 1, our science window, because we will drop the other data in a moment. 

# In CASA

# A new list of file names that contain only data from the Northern Mosaic
basename_north=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]
field_names_north = ['Titan','3c279','NGC*']

for asdm in basename_north:
    print "Apply Tsys, WVR, and Antenna Position calibrations to "+asdm
    for field in field_names_north:
        applycal(vis=asdm+".ms", spw='1', 
            field=field, gainfield=["",field,field],
            interp='nearest', 
            gaintable=[asdm+".antpos",asdm+".tsys.cal.fdm",asdm+'.wvr.cal'],
            flagbackup=F)

# A new list of file names that contain only data from the Southern Mosaic
basename_south=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
                           "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
field_names_south = ['Titan','3c279','Ant*']

for asdm in basename_south:
    print "Apply Tsys, WVR, and Antenna Position calibrations to "+asdm
    for field in field_names_south:
        applycal(vis=asdm+".ms", spw='1', 
            field=field, gainfield=["",field,field],
            interp='nearest', 
            gaintable=[asdm+".antpos",asdm+".tsys.cal.fdm",asdm+'.wvr.cal'],
            flagbackup=F)

where:

  • field: the field to which we will apply the calibration,
  • gainfield: the field from which we wish to take the calibration table
  • interp = 'nearest' : apply the nearest solution from the calibration table rather than interpolating.

As you browse through the whole data set, you will probably note some problems along the same lines as the DV04 issue we saw above. We'll apply these as additional data flagging in just a moment. First, with the Tsys and WVR calibrations applied successfully and the a priori flagging taken care of we will now split out the corrected data. We will keep only the corrected data, specified via datacolumn, and only spectral window 1, which contains the FDM (high spectral resolution) observations of the CO(3-2) line. Setting keepflags=F tells split not to carry over any fully flagged rows from the original data set to the new MS. We give the new MS files the extension ".wvrtsys.ms" to indicate that they have been corrected for WVR and Tsys effects. Because split will not overwrite existing files, we remove any previous versions of the new MS before beginning. 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms')
    print "Splitting out corrected data for "+asdm
    split(vis=asdm+'.ms', outputvis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', 
        datacolumn='corrected', spw='1', keepflags=F)

Be patient, split may take awhile. The WVR and Tsys-corrected data now sit in the DATA column of the new measurement sets, which have only one spectral window (now labeled spectral window 0 though it was spectral window 1 in the original data). You may wish to run listobs to illustrate the changes: 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    os.system('rm '+asdm+'.wvrtsys.listobs.txt')
    listobs(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', listfile=asdm+'.wvrtsys.listobs.txt', verbose=True)

Note the new spectral window information: 


2011-08-05 01:07:08 INFO listobs	Spectral Windows:  (1 unique spectral windows and 1 unique polarization setups)
2011-08-05 01:07:08 INFO listobs	  SpwID  #Chans Frame Ch1(MHz)    ChanWid(kHz)TotBW(kHz)  Ref(MHz)    Corrs   
2011-08-05 01:07:08 INFO listobs	  0        3840 TOPO  344845.586  488.28125   1875000     344908.33   XX  YY

Inspect Data

We are not quite done with the original ".ms" data sets yet. Before going further it will be useful to use plotms to show the effects of applying the calibration. In the process we'll take a quick look at each antenna and search for pathologies in the data.

For this basic inspection, we want to compare the phase and amplitude as a function of frequency and time in the DATA and CORRECTED columns of each measurement set. The CORRECTED column has had the Tsys and WVR calibrations applied and so we expect lower phase scatter and flatter amplitude response as a function of time and frequency. We are looking for antenna-based issues, so cycling through a set of baselines that includes each antenna once will be a good start. We'll focus these plots on the phase+bandpass calibrator, 3c279, and on baselines that include antenna DV11, which we will make our reference antenna in just a bit. 


Each CASA Measurement Set has up to three "columns" of data: DATA, CORRECTED, and MODEL (though it is possible
for a MS to hold only a DATA column if it has not been processed at all). 

A column entry exists for each data point (baseline, frequency, time). 

The DATA column holds the current raw data, though using split as we just did we can change the definition of
"raw" data. 

The CORRECTED column holds the result of applying one or more calibration tables (e.g., via applycal) to the
DATA column and so represents a corrected version of the DATA column. 

The MODEL column holds an external estimate of what the visibilities should be for that data point. We will
set this using the task setjy, which includes a model of Titan, and during imaging.

To get an intuitive feel for the columns you may wish to explore using plotms (which can plot different data 
columns, as seen below) or the browsetable task.
Fig. 4a. Example of Amplitude vs. Frequency before correction for the first Northern Mosaic data set.
Fig. 4b. Same baseline as Figure 4a but now after correction using WVR and Tsys calibrations.

First, we plot amplitude as a function of frequency for 3c279. We start by plotting the DATA column, set color to indicate the two correlations (i.e., the XX and YY polarizations), and ask plotms to iterate over baseline. By setting antenna to 'DV11&*' we select only baselines that include DV11. We ask plotms to average all data over a very long timescale, avgtime = 1e8 seconds ~ 3 years or much longer than the time spanned by the whole data set. By setting avgscan = True we allow plotms to average across scan boundaries. The result is a plot of average amplitude per channel vs. frequency. 

# In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

asdm=basename_all[0]

plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', 
       field='3c279',
       xaxis='frequency', yaxis='amp',
       selectdata=T, spw='1', 
       avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,
       coloraxis='corr',
       iteraxis='baseline',
       antenna='DV11&*',
       ydatacolumn='data')

Notice the green arrows along the bottom of the plotms window. We asked plotms to iterate over baseline. As you click the arrows, the plot will rotate from baseline to baseline, always with DV11 so that each antenna shows up once. To see the effect of the calibration, go to the "Axes" tab along the left of the plotms window and pull down the Data Column menu under the Y Axis. Set this from DATA to CORRECTED and you should see the effects of the calibration. You may need to ensure that the "Force Reload" box is checked before clicking "Plot" (both buttons lie at the bottom of the panel). For the most part things get better (flatter), but as we noted before DV04 is problematic.

Fig. 5a. Example of amplitude vs. time for a northern mosaic data set.
Fig. 5b. Example of amplitude vs. time for a southern mosaic data set.

You can now make analogous calls to examine the phase vs. frequency, amplitude vs. time, and phase vs. time. 

# In CASA

plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', 
       field='3c279',
       xaxis='frequency', yaxis='phase',
       selectdata=T, spw='1', 
       avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T,
       coloraxis='corr',
       iteraxis='baseline',
       antenna='DV11&*',
       ydatacolumn='data')

plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', 
       field='3c279',
       xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
       selectdata=T, spw='1:1200~1300', 
       avgchannel='1000',avgscan=F,
       coloraxis='corr',
       iteraxis='baseline',
       antenna='DV11&*',
       ydatacolumn='data')

plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', 
       field='3c279',
       xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',
       selectdata=T, spw='1:1200~1300', 
       avgchannel='1000',avgscan=F,
       coloraxis='corr',
       iteraxis='baseline',
       antenna='DV11&*',
       ydatacolumn='data')

Where:

  • spw is set to cover only channels 1200~1300 for the time plots in order to isolate time dependent variations from frequency-dependent behavior. Those 101 channels represent only a small part of the total spw 1 bandpass.
  • avgchannel set to a large number causes the plots of phase and amplitude vs. time to average data at all frequencies into a single point for each measurement.
  • coloraxis corr sets the colors to correspond to the two polarizations of the data.

In each case, you will want to examine each baseline, alternating between the DATA and CORRECTED columns.

This is a lot of data inspection and that's only for one of 10 data sets! You can iterate across the data by hand, updating "asdm" to refer to each data set in order and cycling between baselines and DATA/CORRECTED. It is also possible to script CASA to show you the key plots in succession (see the next block down). However you approach the infrastructure, you are looking for:

  • Improved scatter and lower variability in phase and amplitude vs. frequency and time. This indicates that the WVR and Tsys calibrations helped.
  • Sudden jumps in phase or amplitude as a function of either time or frequency. These may indicate problems with the antenna during that observation.
  • Large gradients, especially full wraps, in phase as a function of frequency. This may indicate a problem in the delays, the signal path length to the telescopes.
  • Unusual magnitude, scatter, or patterns in any plot - though this may be better explored using plots that show all data together, which we'll make in a moment.
  • Missing data. For example, if the phase calibrator drops out for a period of time we will not be able to calibrate and will need to flag the data.

As you look through, note individual potentially problematic antennas. If all antennas in a data set appear problematic it may be that your "reference" antenna, DV11 in the example above, is the source of the problem. In this case swap this reference antenna for another and see whether the problem is isolated to your original reference antenna. 


A brief aside on structure:

This section (Data Inspection) and the next (Apply Flags) are closely linked. We will present them as two
separate steps. The idea here is that you look through your data, note problems, and then write commands to
flag problematic data. This mimics one approach to writing data reduction scripts for CASA, where you will
group all flagging together into one convenient place. Other CASA guides take a different approach, interleaving flagging and plotting. There is no "right" answer here. Find an approach to data inspection 
that works for you.

If you do wish to semi-automate the plot generation, the following sequence will cycle between data and corrected plots for each data set in turn. Type "stop" at any input call to break out. 

# In CASA

user_input = ""
for asdm in basename_all:
    # check if a stop has been requested
    if user_input == "stop":
        break
    # Extract antenna list for this data set.
    tb.open(asdm+'.ms/ANTENNA', nomodify=True)
    ants = tb.getcol('NAME')
    tb.close
    # Define the reference antenna to make baselines with
    ref_ant = 'DV11'
    # Loop over antennas
    for ant in ants:
        # Check if the user wants to stop
        if user_input == "stop":
            break
        # Skip correlation of reference antenna with itself (autocorrelations are flagged anyhow)        
        if ant == ref_ant:
            continue
        # Define the baseline with the reference antenna for current antenna
        ant_str = ref_ant+'&'+ant
        print "Showing baseline "+ant_str+" for data set "+asdm
        print "Use this to inspect effect of applying wvrcal and Tsys calibrations."
        # Loop over phase and amplitude as axes
        for y_axis in ["amp", "phase"]:
            # Make 'before' plot for frequency x-axis
            print "... "+y_axis+" vs. frequency for DATA:"    
            plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw='1', field='3c279',
               antenna=ant_str, xaxis="frequency", yaxis=y_axis,
               avgtime="1e8", avgscan=T, coloraxis="corr",
               ydatacolumn="data")
            user_input = raw_input("Hit <ENTER> to see CORRECTED data [type 'stop'+<Enter> to break out].")
            if user_input == "stop":
                break
            # Make 'after' plot for frequency x-axis
            print "... "+y_axis+" vs. frequency for CORRECTED:"
            plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw='1', field='3c279',
               antenna=ant_str, xaxis="frequency", yaxis=y_axis,
               avgtime="1e8", avgscan=T, coloraxis="corr",
               ydatacolumn="corrected")
            user_input = raw_input("Hit <ENTER> to proceed to next plot [type 'stop'+<Enter> to break out].")
            if user_input == "stop":
                break
            # Make 'before' plot for time x-axis
            print "... "+y_axis+" vs. time for DATA:"    
            plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw='1:1200~1300', field='3c279',
               antenna=ant_str, xaxis="time", yaxis=y_axis,
               avgchannel="1000", coloraxis="corr",
               ydatacolumn="data")
            user_input = raw_input("Hit <ENTER> to see CORRECTED data [type 'stop'+<Enter> to break out].")
            if user_input == "stop":
                break
            # Make 'after' plot for time y-axis
            print "... "+y_axis+" vs. time for CORRECTED:"
            plotms(vis=asdm+'.ms', spw='1:1200~1300', field='3c279',
               antenna=ant_str, xaxis="time", yaxis=y_axis,
               avgchannel="1000", coloraxis="corr",
               ydatacolumn="corrected")
            user_input = raw_input("Hit <ENTER> to proceed to next plot [type 'stop'+<Enter> to break out].")
            if user_input == "stop":
                break
Fig. 6. Example of amplitude vs. uv-distance for 3c279 in the first northern mosaic data set.
Fig. 7a. Example of amplitude vs. frequency for 3c279 in the second northern mosaic data set.
Fig. 7b. Example of amplitude vs. frequency for Titan in the second northern mosaic data set. Note the strong line (this is CO 3-2)!
Fig. 7c. Example of amplitude vs. frequency for the Antennae in the second northern mosaic data set. The CO(3-2) line is visible.

A detailed explanation of the procedure is a bit outside the scope of this guide (for more on python see http://www.python.org/ and for more on the CASA toolkit see http://casa.nrao.edu/), but the basic process is to loop over each data set, baseline with the reference antenna (here DV11), and y-axis of interest (phase or amplitude) then plot the effect of the calibration vs. frequency and time for each combination. Running this to step through the data will give you about 200 "before and after" plots from which you could note a subset of problematic cases to be followed up by hand. Many other strategies to inspect the data are also viable.

Next we will do a bit more inspection using plotms to look at whole data sets. This will help us identify missing data or look for egregious outliers.

First we plot amplitude versus time (see Figure 5), averaging over all channels (by setting avgchannel to the very large value 10,000). We colorize by field so that scans on Titan are red, the bandpass and phase calibrator 3c279 is black (and orange in the Southern Mosaic where it has two field IDs), and the Antennae mosaic appears as a range of colors (one per pointing). 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', 
            xaxis='time', yaxis='amp', 
            avgchannel='10000',coloraxis='field')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. time for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")

Here look for:

  • Missing data. The source needs to be flanked by phase calibrator scans, if those are missing for any reason we need to flag the appropriate time range.
  • Dramatic outliers. Does the source suddenly get very bright or the otherwise bright calibrator appear anomalously faint for a brief time? This likely indicates problematic data that should be identified and flagged. You can use the "select" (box with green plus along the bottom row in plotms) and "locate" (magnifying glass) buttons in plotms to isolate and identify problem data (it will print to the log).
  • Smooth variation with time. A sudden jump may indicate a problem and often the safest approach is to flag data near a discontinuity.

Look through the amplitudes vs. time for each data set (remember that we've already examined the phases vs. time and amplitude vs. time for individual baselines above).

There are two other very useful "averaging" plots worth making. First, we plot amplitude as a function of u-v distance (projected antenna separation). Discontinuities and spikes in this plot are often from non-astrophysical sources. In the phase analog to the plot, the effects of atmospheric decorrelation can be assessed from increased scatter at longer u-v distances. While using the moon Titan as our flux calibrator, we may want to watch for flaring amplitudes at short u-v distances. These may indicate that Saturn is contaminating our beam. For a perfect, bright point source, we expect flat amplitudes as a function of u-v distance at the source amplitudes. Figure 6 shows an example of this plot, generated via: 

# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', 
        field='3c279',
        xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp', 
        avgchannel='10000',coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. time for 3c279 for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")
    plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', 
        field='Titan',
        xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp', 
        avgchannel='10000',coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. time for Titan for "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")


It can also be useful to examine the average amplitude as a function of frequency for each target. This allows one to check for lingering atmospheric effects, unexpected line emission or absorption in the calibrators, or decreased sensitivity due to "roll-off" of the telescope sensitivity at the band edges. These plots are created by the sequence of commands below, where we have broken up the script to loop separately over the Northern and Southern Mosaics to reflect the different source names. 

# In CASA
 
basename_north=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]

field_names = ["3c279","Titan","NGC*"]

for asdm in basename_north:
    for field in field_names:
        plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', 
            field=field,
            xaxis='frequency', yaxis='amp', 
            avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T, coloraxis='corr')
        dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. frequency for "+field+" in "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")
 
basename_south=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
                           "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
 
field_names = ["3c279","Titan","Ant*"]

for asdm in basename_south:
    for field in field_names:
        plotms(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', 
            field=field,
            xaxis='frequency', yaxis='amp', 
            avgtime='1e8',avgscan=T, coloraxis='corr')
        dummy_string = raw_input("Examining amplitude vs. frequency for "+field+" in "+asdm+" . Hit <Enter> to proceed.")


For this command notice that we can see the CO(3-2) line in the Antennae even before calibration (see Figure 7) and that Titan also shows evidence of a strong line (also Figure 7)! This will need to be flagged before we can use Titan to calibrate the flux scale of our data.

This suite of plots (along with the earlier inspection of the Tsys tables) gives us the tools we need to identify problematic data through the data sets. We use this to generate a set of inspection-driven flagdata commands for each data set. We apply these before the bandpass and gain calibration.

Apply Flagging

Based on this inspection and the other plots we have made, we now flag problematic portions of the data. We break up the flags by reason for flagging in order to illustrate the process. As you reduce your own data it may be more efficient to group flags by data set and make use of the flagcmd command. Except for the "post-calibration" flagging, the inspection plots that we just looked through have already revealed all of the problems that we flag. We structure the guide so that the flagging is grouped in one place.

As before, we may wish to reset our flags before beginning (particularly if one iterates this process) via: 

# In CASA

basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

for asdm in basename_all:
    flagdata(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag', unflag= T, flagbackup = F)

Remember that we dropped the flagged data when splitting out after the WVR and Tsys calibration, so this should not undo your "A Priori" flagging of shadowed data, autocorrelations, etc.. In any case this unflagging step is not necessary during the first iteration.

  • Edge Channels

ALMA's sensitivity decreases near the edge of the baseband and it is often useful to check for a 'roll-off' in sensitivity near the edge of the band. This will appear as a downturn in amplitude as a function of channel near the edge of the window in the uncalibrated data, as a flaring due to increased noise at the spw edges in the calibrated data. It will also be visible in the amplitude part of the bandpass calibration table. Because our FDM spw does not cover the full baseband, we do not see a strong roll off in our data (see Figure 8a), where there is only a mild hint of a roll-off at the high end) but we do flag a (very) few channels at the high and low-frequency edge of the data set to be safe.

Fig 8a. Amplitude vs. channel for one uncalibrated antenna pair. This kind of plot can be inspected to get an idea of the presence or magnitude of any roll-off in sensitivity near the edges of the spectral window.
# In CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    flagdata(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',spw = '0:0~7,0:3831~3839', flagbackup = F)
  • Problematic Tsys measurements

Above we noted issues with the Tsys measurements for both DV04 and DV12. We flag the affected data. Each of these issues should be visible in the Tsys plots you made above (e.g., see Figure 3). 

# In CASA

asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag',antenna='DV04', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV04',flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7" 
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7" 
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X215db8_X18"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X215db8_X392"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV12',correlation='YY', flagbackup=F)
  • Unreliable Short-Spacing Measurements on Titan
Fig 8b. Observed amplitude vs. uv-distance for observations of Titan in the first data set. Note the scatter for low projected antenna separations. We will flag these short-spacing data, which may reflect contamination by Saturn, and use only the more extended baselines for flux calibration.

Saturn may contaminate the short u-v spacings from Titan. In any case these often show significant scatter (Figure 8b), so we flag them. There are still enough baselines to determine a good amplitude calibration for each antenna. 

# In CASA

asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~50', flagbackup = F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~40', flagbackup = F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~50', flagbackup = F)

asdm="uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~30', flagbackup = F)

asdm="uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~50', flagbackup = F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7" 
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~30', flagbackup = F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7" 
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', mode='manualflag', field='Titan', uvrange='0~30', flagbackup = F)
  • Delay Issues
Fig 9. Phase vs. frequency for DV13 in a data set where this antenna shows evidence of imperfect delay calibration.

DV13 and a few other antennas show signatures of an imperfect delay calibration. This is most easily identified via strong "wrapping" of phase as a function of frequency. Such effects can be calibrated out with mild delay issues largely accounted for by the bandpass solution. The phase wrapping in DV13 seems weak enough that we will trust the calibrations to remove it. For a more extreme example see the CASA guide describing the calibration of NGC3256Band3.

  • Missing Phase Calibrator Observations
Fig 10. Amplitude vs. time colored by field for a data set where the final visit to the phase calibrator is missing. We will flag the last set of source data to ensure that each visit to the source is flanked in time by visits to the phase calibrator.

As a general rule, we want to be sure that observations of the phase calibrator (3c279) bracket each source observation. Two of the data sets do not include a final phase calibrator observation (see Figure 10) and for those two cases we flag the affected source observations. 

# In CASA

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',timerange='00:53:47~01:08:00',flagbackup = F)

asdm="uid___A002_X215db8_X18"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='DV10',timerange='19:46:20~20:34:40',flagbackup=F)
  • Unexpected Scatter or Discontinuity in the Data

For several antennas we find sudden jumps in the phase of the phase calibrator as a function of time, these are visible in the plots of uncalibrated phase vs. time for single baselines above and we show an example in Figure 11. It will not be possible to effectively interpolate the phase between measurements when we see these discontinuities. The safest approach is to flag the source data across these jumps. We do so here (though note that the last two flaggings are borderline cases).

Fig 11. Phase vs. time for DV09 on a problematic day. It may prove problematic to calibrate the data near this discontinuity so we flag data near this time.
# In CASA

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='DV09', timerange='21:24:09~21:35:35', flagbackup = F)

asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7" 
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='DV09',timerange='23:30:52~24:10:00',flagbackup=F)
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='PM01',timerange='23:16:50~24:10:00',flagbackup=F)
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='manualflag',antenna='PM03',timerange='23:16:50~24:10:00',flagbackup=F)
  • Outliers Visible After Calibration
Fig 12. Amplitude vs. u-v distance after calibration. Note the outlying data. We track these down using the select (box with green "+") and locate (magnifying glass) features inside plotms and identify several problematic baselines across our data. Note that you cannot make this plot at this point in the guide, these pathologies become evident after calibration, requiring an iterative approach to reduction.

Often issues with the data may become evident after calibration (i.e., after the next few steps that we apply). These data can appear as outliers in diagnostic plots for the calibrated data or even show up in the imaging stages. Once these are identified, best practice is to apply this new flagging then redo the calibration (if the issue is very minor, then re-calibrating may not be necessary). 

# In CASA
asdm="uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',timerange='21:18:00~21:22:15', flagbackup=F)

asdm="uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"
flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',antenna='DV01&DV04', flagbackup=F)

Now that we've applied our flagging, back up the flags as version "User" using flagmanager: 

# In CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    flagmanager(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode='save',versionname ='User')

Applying this flagging will remove the most egregious pathologies from the data. We are now ready to calibrate the data.

Bandpass Calibration

We begin by calibrating the phase and amplitude response of each antenna as a function of frequency, called "bandpass calibration." We have already seen that the data contain smooth but systematic variations in both phase and amplitude as a function of frequency. We can see this again in a more compact form by plotting phase as a function of frequency for all baselines associated with each antenna (Fig. 13).

Fig. 13. Phase vs. frequency for the bandpass calibrator, 3c279 in the first data set. We plot all baselines with DV02, averaged over time, and show only the 'XX' correlation.
# In CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

for asdm in basename_all:
    plotms(vis= asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', 
            xaxis='freq', yaxis='phase', 
            selectdata=True, field='3c279', correlation='XX',
            avgtime='1e8', avgscan=T, antenna='*&*',
            coloraxis='baseline', iteraxis='antenna')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Plotting phase vs. frequency for "+asdm+". Hit <Enter> for next data set or cycle through antennas.")

Each plot shows phase as a function of frequency for all baselines with one antenna for 3c279. We plot only the 'XX' correlation, colorizing by baseline. With iteraxis set to antenna the green arrows at the bottom of plotms will cycle through antennas. By using avgscan and a large avgtime we average all scans and integrations.

The phase (and amplitude) also varies as a function of time, as we saw before. Here are the similar plots for phase vs. time (see Figure 14).

Fig. 14. Phase vs. time for the bandpass calibrator, 3c279. Averaged over channel. Only baselines with antenna DV02, and corr='XX'
# In CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    plotms(vis= asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', 
           xaxis='time', yaxis='phase', 
           selectdata=True, field='3c279', 
           spw='0:1200~1300', antenna='*&*',correlation='XX',
           avgchannel='1000',  avgscan=T, 
           coloraxis='baseline', iteraxis='antenna')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Plotting phase vs. time for "+asdm+". Hit <Enter> for next data set or cycle through antennas.")

Figure 14 shows that the phase varies with time. We need to take this temporal variation into account when we solve for the frequency variations. Therefore we carry out the bandpass calibration in two steps. First, we use gaincal to solve for the variation of phase as a function of time for 3c279 on very short timescales. We set gaincal to derive a separate phase solution for each antenna every integration by setting solint to 'int'. We solve, averaging together only a small fraction of the total bandpass (channels 1100-1300) to avoid the effects of the phase vs. frequency behavior. We will then apply this solution to remove time-dependent behavior when we solve for the frequency response of the antennas with bandpass. 

An integration is the smallest time quantum of observation in the data, usually a few seconds. 
You can check the integration length for each scan in listobs. 

#In CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Running a short solution interval phase calibration for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.bpphase.gcal')
    gaincal(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
               selectdata=T,field = '3c279',spw = '0:1100~1300',
               caltable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
               solint = 'int',refant = 'DV11',calmode='p')

Now we use bandpass to solve for the frequency response of each antenna. To do this, we average all data in time by setting solint to 'inf' (that is, 'infinite'). We allow combination across scans and the different field IDs found for 3c279 by setting combine to "scan,field". We apply the phase vs. time calibration that we just derived on-the-fly using the parameter "gaintable". 

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Running a bandpass calibration for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.bandpass.bcal')
    bandpass(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
               field = '3c279',
               gaintable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
               caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',
               bandtype='B',
               solint = 'inf',combine = 'scan,field', solnorm=T,refant = 'DV11',
               minblperant=3,minsnr=2,fillgaps=1)

in these calls:

  • caltable specifies the output calibration table
  • gaintable specifies any calibration tables to be applied "on the fly" to the data before solving.
  • solint sets the time interval for which solutions are derived for each antenna.
  • refant set the reference antenna, here DV11, which is defined to have zero correction by construction.
  • calmode 'p' sets gaincal to calibrate the phase only, other options are 'a'mplitude or 'ap' - amplitude and phase.
  • minblperant sets the minimum baselines required per antenna for a successful solution.
  • minsnr sets the minimum signal-to-noise ratio required for a successful solution.
  • bandtype here 'B' tells bandpass to solve for the phase and frequency response of each antenna in each channel, averaging data in time across the solution interval.
  • fillgaps tells bandpass to interpolate across channel gaps 1 channel wide.
  • solnorm tells bandpass to normalize the bandpass amplitude and phase corrections to have magnitude unity. The absolute scale of the calibration will come from our later gaincal solutions.

Do not worry about the message "Insufficient unflagged antennas" when running the bandpass task. This indicates that bandpass is failing on the flagged edge channels, which is expected.

It is now a good idea to plot both sets of solutions to look for irregularities, especially:

  • discontinuities in the phase vs. time solution
  • rapid wrapping of phase in either phase vs. time or bandpass solution
  • large roll-off in the amplitude response near the band edge in the bandpass solution
  • large scatter in any solution.

We loop through and using plotcal, again generating .png files of each calibration and splitting into two antenna groups for easier legibility. As the bandpass plots take a while you may want to go have a cup of coffee and inspect them using your favorite image viewer. Uncomment the raw_input line and switch the showgui parameter to True to see them in real time instead.

Fig. 15a. Short interval phase vs. time solution carried out and applied during bandpass calibration, here for the first set of antennas for the first data set. This solution removes any systematic variations in phase vs. time.
Fig. 15b. Bandpass amplitude solution for the first set of antennas and the first data set.
Fig. 15c. Phase vs. frequency calibration from the bandpass calibration for the first set of antennas and the first data set.
#In CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Plotting solutions for "+asdm
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
              xaxis = 'time', yaxis = 'phase', fontsize=6.0,
              iteration = 'antenna',
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bpphase.page1.png',
              antenna='0~7')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bpphase.gcal',
              xaxis = 'time', yaxis = 'phase',
              iteration = 'antenna', fontsize=6.0,
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bpphase.page2.png',
              antenna='8~15')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal', 
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'amp',
              antenna='0~7', iteration='antenna', fontsize=6.0,
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bcal_amp.page1.png')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal', 
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'amp',
              antenna='8~15', iteration='antenna', fontsize=6.0,
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bcal_amp.page2.png')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal', 
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'phase', iteration='antenna',
              antenna='0~7', subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bcal_phase.page1.png', 
              showgui=False, fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.bandpass.bcal', 
              xaxis = 'freq',yaxis = 'phase', iteration='antenna',
              antenna='8~15', subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.bcal_phase.page2.png',
              showgui=False, fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")

Gain (Phase and Amplitude) Calibration

The bandpass calibration will account for the phase and amplitude response of our antennas as a function of frequency. We now solve for the absolute flux scale of the data by referencing to Titan and then calibrate the phase and amplitude behavior of the antennas as a function of time.

Before using Titan to set the flux, there is an important systematic to account for. When we looked at the integrated spectra of our targets above, remember that Titan showed a whopping spectral line, in fact the same CO(3-2) line that we wish to observe in the Antennae. We will set the flux of Titan (and thus all of our data) by referencing to a model in casa that does not account for this line. Therefore we need to flag the part of the Titan observations contaminated by the line before we calibrate (you can see the affected channel range in Fig. 16). We run the following additional flagging step:

Fig. 16. Uncalibrated amplitude vs. channel plot for the flux calibrator, Titan (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset). Averaged over time, corr='XX', and colorized by baseline.
# in CASA
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Flagging CO(3-2) in Titan for "+asdm
    flagdata(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',flagbackup=F, 
         field=['Titan'],
         spw=['0:1100~1700'])
    flagmanager(vis =asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',mode = 'save',versionname = 'Calibration')

Next, we will use the setjy task to read the predicted complex visibilities for Titan into the MODEL column of each data set. 

# in CASA
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Reading model for Titan into "+asdm
    setjy(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field = 'Titan',
           standard = 'Butler-JPL-Horizons 2010')

setjy will output the flux of Titan to the CASA logger and it is worth recording this information. The flux of Titan at these frequencies is about 2.9 Jy. For example, for dataset uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb.wvrtsys.ms: 

  #2011-07-13 07:31:04 INFO setjy	       Titan  spwid=  0  [I=2.847, Q=0, U=0, V=0] Jy

Next we'll run a short-solution interval gaincal to solve for phase variation on short timescales during observations of our two calibrators, with solint set to "int". By applying this on-the-fly, we can remove any decorrelation in the data due to phase scatter when we solve for the amplitude calibration. However, there is no benefit to using this short-timescale solution to calibrate the source because we only have information on the gain during calibrator visits (though see the Imaging portion of this guide). Instead we will solve for the gains to apply to the source using a longer solint in just a moment. 

# in CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Carrying out short timescale phase solution for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.intphase.gcal')
    gaincal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
                gaintable=asdm+'.bandpass.bcal', 
                caltable=asdm+'.intphase.gcal',
                calmode='p',
                field='Titan,3c279',
                spw='0:40~3800',
                refant='DV11', solint='int',minsnr=2.0, minblperant=4)

Now we derive the longer timescale phase calibration table using solint set to "inf", but not allowing scan combination. This calibration has higher signal to noise due to combining more data, and for the purposes of correcting the source, it is just as precise as the short timescale solution. 

# in CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Carrying out longer timescale phase solution for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.scanphase.gcal')
    gaincal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
                gaintable=asdm+'.bandpass.bcal', 
                caltable=asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',
                calmode='p',
                field='Titan,3c279',
                spw='0:40~3800',
                refant='DV11', solint='inf',minsnr=2.0,minblperant=4)

Now we apply the short-timescale phase solution and carry out a scan length (solint set to "inf") calibration of the data using calmode of 'a'. 

# in CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Solving for longer (scan) interval amplitude solution for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.amp.cal')
    gaincal(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
               gaintable =[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal'],
               caltable = asdm+'.amp.cal',
               calmode='ap',
               field = 'Titan,3c279',
               spw='0:40~3800',
               refant = 'DV11',solint = 'inf', minblperant=4)

This "amp.cal" solution gives us the amplitude variations as a function of time, but they are not yet pinned to a realistic scale except in the case of Titan, where we have solved using the model input by setjy. We will set the flux of our secondary calibrator 3c279 with reference to Titan using fluxscale. 

# in CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Scaling amplitude calibration to match Titan for "+asdm
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.flux.cal')
    fluxscale(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',
                 caltable = asdm+'.amp.cal',
                 fluxtable = asdm+'.flux.cal',
                 reference = 'Titan',
                 transfer = '3c279')

This new correctly-scaled flux table ".flux.cal" replaces the previous ".amp.cal" table as the correct amplitude calibration table to apply to the data, i.e., the ".flux.cal" contains both the time variability of the amplitude solved for in ".amp.cal" and the correct flux scaling set with fluxscale.

Fluxscale will output the derived flux for 3c279 to the CASA logger. This information is worth noting. We find that the flux of 3c279 is 10.45 Jy, by averaging the fluxes obtained from the ten available datasets. This value agrees within 10% with the most recent 0.850 millimeter measurements from the SMA calibrator list [1] : (01 Jul 2011, SMA 9.75 ± 0.49).

Now we plot the final phase and amplitude calibration tables for each data set. A well-behaved calibration table will show smooth variations as a function of time. Sudden jumps or wild variations among the antenna amplitude gains should prompt further investigation and possibly additional flagging. 

# in CASA

for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Plotting solutions for "+asdm
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',
              xaxis = 'time', yaxis = 'phase',
              iteration = 'antenna', plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.scanphase.page1.png',
              antenna='0~7', fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',
              xaxis = 'time', yaxis = 'phase',
              iteration = 'antenna', plotrange=[0,0,-180,180],
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.scanphase.page2.png',
              antenna='8~15', fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.flux.cal', 
              xaxis = 'time',yaxis = 'amp',
              plotrange = [0,0,0,0],
              antenna='0~7', iteration='antenna',
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.flux.page1.png',
              fontsize=6.0)
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")
    plotcal(caltable = asdm+'.flux.cal', 
              xaxis = 'time',yaxis = 'amp',
              plotrange = [0,0,0,0],
              antenna='8~15', iteration='antenna', fontsize=6.0,
              showgui=False, subplot=421, figfile=asdm+'.flux.page2.png')
    # dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> to see next plot.")

Apply the Calibrations and Inspect

Now we will use applycal to apply the bandpass, phase, and amplitude calibration tables that we generated in the previous sections to the data. We apply the solutions separately to the bandpass and secondary ("phase") calibrator 3c279, the flux calibrator Titan, and the target source. In most data sets, the bandpass and secondary calibrator will not be the same and this step would include one additional applycal. 

#In CASA
basename_north=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]
 
for asdm in basename_north: 
    print "Applying calibrations for "+asdm
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='3c279',
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
        gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='Titan',
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
        gainfield=['3c279','Titan','Titan'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='NGC*',
        interp=['nearest','linear','linear'],
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)

basename_south=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
                           "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
 
for asdm in basename_south: 
    print "Applying calibrations for "+asdm
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='3c279',
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
        gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='Titan',
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.intphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        interp=['nearest','nearest','nearest'],
        gainfield=['3c279','Titan','Titan'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)
    applycal(vis=asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',field='Ant*',
        interp=['nearest','linear','linear'],
        gaintable=[asdm+'.bandpass.bcal',asdm+'.scanphase.gcal',asdm+'.flux.cal'],
        gainfield=['3c279','3c279','3c279'],flagbackup=F,calwt=T)

Here:

  • vis and field specify the measurement set and field to calibrate.
  • gaintable specifies the tables to apply to the data. There may be several tables applied all at once, here we apply the bandpass, phase, and flux calibrations.
  • interp specifies the type of interpolation used to match calibration tables to the data. If there are several gaintables then interp may be either a single value (e.g., "linear" or "nearest") or a list of values with size equal to the list of gaintables. In the case where interp is a list, applycal will match each element to the corresponding gaintable (e.g., first gaintable with first interp parameter).
  • gainfield specifies field from which to draw the calibration. As with interp, this can be a list of size matched to gaintable, so that the first element of gainfield will be the field used for the first table. For example, in the above commands the bandpass calibration (the first table) will always be applied from '3c279' (the first gainfield).
  • calwt indicates that the weights, which were derived from the Tsys measurements, should also be calibrated. Note that calwt is True by default.

Once calibrations are applied, it is important to go back and inspect the calibrated data. New problematic antennas or baselines may be visible after calibration. Repeat the steps above, focusing on the CORRECTED data column. Bear in mind that for any point source calibrators we now expect to find phase scattering around zero and to find flat amplitudes as a function of u-v distance. Look for outliers and other signatures of problematic data. As a general rule, you will want to incorporate these data into your overall flagging script then rerun the whole calibration process, so that reduction is iterative. If the data only represent a minor problem, however, it may not be terribly harmful to flag them after the fact so that they do not interfere with imaging but trust that the calibrations are mostly unaffected.

As an example of this inspection, we cycle through the corrected amplitudes and phases of 3c279 as a function u-v distance, to check that the phases are close to zero and the amplitudes are constant.

Fig. 17. Calibrated phase vs. channel plot for 3c279 (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset).
Fig. 18. Calibrated amplitude vs. time plot for 3c279 (uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset).
# In CASA

basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
 
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Examining calibrated data for "+asdm
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='3c279',
	averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
	avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='3c279',
	averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
	avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='phase',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='3c279',
	avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='3c279',
	avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")

In Fig. 17 and 18 we plot phase vs. channel and amp vs. time for 3c279 for the uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb dataset.

Finally we can use plotms to examine the corrected amplitude and phase of Antennae galaxies as a function of time and uv-distance (plots not shown): 

# In CASA

for asdm in basename_north:
    print "Examining calibrated data for "+asdm
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='NGC*',
	averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
	avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='NGC*',
	averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
	avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='phase',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='NGC*',
	avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='NGC*',
	avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")

for asdm in basename_south:
    print "Examining calibrated data for "+asdm
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='amp',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='Ant*',
	averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
	avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='amp',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='Ant*',
	averagedata=True, avgchannel='3840', avgtime='',
	avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='uvdist', yaxis='phase',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='Ant*',
	avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")
    plotms(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms', xaxis='time', yaxis='phase',
	ydatacolumn='corrected', field='Ant*',
	avgchannel='3840', avgscan=F, avgbaseline=F, coloraxis='corr')
    dummy_string = raw_input("Hit <Enter> for next plot.")

Split and Concatenate Data for Northern and Southern Mosaics

The individual data sets are now calibrated. We can safely split out the calibrated data for our science target and drop the calibrators. As we do so, we will smooth the data in frequency, averaging together groups of 23 channels by setting width=23 in split. The new data will have a channel width corresponding to about ~10 km/s, very similar to the SMA data being verified. The factor of >20 drop in data volume will also make the imaging steps much more tractable. 

#In CASA

basename_north=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9","uid___A002_X2181fb_X49"]

basename_south=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7","uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7",
                           "uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5","uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]

for asdm in basename_north:
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.cal.ms')
    split(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',outputvis = asdm+'.cal.ms',
             field = 'NGC*',spw='0',width=23, keepflags=False)
    os.system('rm '+asdm+'.cal.listobs.txt')
    listobs(asdm+'.cal.ms',listfile=asdm+'.cal.listobs.txt')

for asdm in basename_south:
    os.system('rm -rf '+asdm+'.cal.ms')
    split(vis = asdm+'.wvrtsys.ms',outputvis = asdm+'.cal.ms',
             field = 'Ant*',spw='0',width=23, keepflags=False)
    os.system('rm '+asdm+'.cal.listobs.txt')
    listobs(asdm+'.cal.ms',listfile=asdm+'.cal.listobs.txt')

For convenience we concatenate all data for the Northern Mosaic into a single big MS and place all data for the Southern Mosaic into another file. To do this, we construct a list that holds the names of all the Southern Mosaic MS files and another that holds the name of all the Northern Mosaic MS files then feed these into the concat task.

Before we do this, we'll take a brief aside to remove Pointing information from the calibrated data. Normally, the pointing information would apply important corrections to be used while imaging the data. However, some aspects of this are still under development and the pointing information in these data interacts poorly with CASA. We will remove the pointing information using the CASA toolkit Table tool (tb). This kind of operation is dangerous and should not be a regular feature of your CASA reduction. 

# In CASA
 
basename_all=["uid___A002_X1ff7b0_Xb","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3a","uid___A002_X207fe4_X3b9",
     "uid___A002_X2181fb_X49","uid___A002_X1ff7b0_X1c8","uid___A002_X207fe4_X1f7",
     "uid___A002_X207fe4_X4d7","uid___A002_X215db8_X18","uid___A002_X215db8_X1d5",
     "uid___A002_X215db8_X392"]
 
for asdm in basename_all:
    print "Manually removing pointing table from "+asdm+".cal.ms ... Please be careful!"
    tb.open(asdm+'.cal.ms/POINTING',nomodify=False)
    a = tb.rownumbers()
    tb.removerows(a)
    tb.close()

# In CASA

cal_south_vis = [vis+'.cal.ms' for vis in basename_south]
cal_north_vis = [vis+'.cal.ms' for vis in basename_north]

os.system('rm -rf Antennae_South.cal.ms')
concat(vis=cal_south_vis, concatvis='Antennae_South.cal.ms', timesort=T)

os.system('rm -rf Antennae_North.cal.ms')
concat(vis=cal_north_vis, concatvis='Antennae_North.cal.ms', timesort=T)

The syntax used to construct the 'cal_south_vis' variable loops over basename_south and makes a list after adding '.cal.ms' to each member. To see the list 'print cal_south_vis'.

Continue on to Imaging of the Science Target

Now you can continue on to the imaging guide.

Last checked on CASA Version 3.3.0.

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